Differential Requirements for Hematopoietic Commitment Between Human and Rhesus - 《stemcells》干细胞学杂志干细胞之家



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发表于 2009-3-5 00:58 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览 |打印

作者：Deepika Rajesha, Nachimuthu Chinnasamya,e, Shoukhrat M. Mitalipovf, Don P. Wolff,g,h, Igor Slukvinc,d, James A. Thomsonb,d, Aimen F. Shaabana,d 7 C+ d6 g, _% S! O3 \8 \
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      【摘要】) x6 ]! E8 n8 G3 i
   Progress toward clinical application of ESC-derived hematopoietic cellular transplantation will require rigorous evaluation in a large animal allogeneic model. However, in contrast to human ESCs (hESCs), efforts to induce conclusive hematopoietic differentiation from rhesus macaque ESCs (rESCs) have been unsuccessful. Characterizing these poorly understood functional differences will facilitate progress in this area and likely clarify the critical steps involved in the hematopoietic differentiation of ESCs. To accomplish this goal, we compared the hematopoietic differentiation of hESCs with that of rESCs in both EB culture and stroma coculture. Initially, undifferentiated rESCs and hESCs were adapted to growth on Matrigel without a change in their phenotype or karyotype. Subsequent differentiation of rESCs in OP9 stroma led to the development of CD34 CD45¨C cells that gave rise to endothelial cell networks in methylcellulose culture. In the same conditions, hESCs exhibited convincing hematopoietic differentiation. In cytokine-supplemented EB culture, rESCs demonstrated improved hematopoietic differentiation with higher levels of CD34  and detectable levels of CD45  cells. However, these levels remained dramatically lower than those for hESCs in identical culture conditions. Subsequent plating of cytokine-supplemented rhesus EBs in methylcellulose culture led to the formation of mixed colonies of erythroid, myeloid, and endothelial cells, confirming the existence of bipotential hematoendothelial progenitors in the cytokine-supplemented EB cultures. Evaluation of four different rESC lines confirmed the validity of these disparities. Although rESCs have the potential for hematopoietic differentiation, they exhibit a pause at the hemangioblast stage of hematopoietic development in culture conditions developed for hESCs. / G) g" O1 r* j# r  @) u5 H# \
      【关键词】 Embryonic stem cells Human Rhesus Hematopoiesis Hemangioblast Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
   INTRODUCTION. ^$ t' r+ _, ^% f
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Nonhuman primates, such as the rhesus macaque, have >90% DNA homology to humans and have long been used as models for studies on human behavior, reproductive biology, embryology, and various disease states . Given its similarities to humans, the rhesus macaque remains the primary in vivo model in which many clinically relevant questions regarding ESC-derived hematopoietic progenitor transplantation may be answered. Problems concerning microenvironmental induction/regulation of stem cell growth, specific allogeneic immune responses, and tumorigenesis cannot be satisfactorily addressed in xenogeneic or small animal allogeneic hosts. Furthermore, the homing and proliferation of human hematopoietic progenitors in the xenogeneic murine hematopoietic microenvironment may be greatly affected by disparate receptor/ligand and cytokine interactions. In addition, the limited proliferative demand placed on the transplanted cells as a result of the short life span of the mouse clouds the assessment of long-term hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activity. Lastly, the absence of a reproducible allogeneic immune system prevents extrapolation of such xenogeneic transplantation studies to clinical applications. Hence, there is a crucial need to pursue study of ESC-derived hematopoietic progenitor transplantation in a well-characterized large animal allogeneic transplantation model that closely mimics the human hematopoietic system.7 {5 ?' @  c% R
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However, despite success with human ESCs (hESCs), similar efforts to induce conclusive hematopoietic differentiation of rhesus ESCs (rESCs) using the same techniques have been unsuccessful. A few studies suggest limited hematopoietic development; however, the temporal emergence of CD45-positive cells and characteristic colony forming cells from differentiating rESCs has not been observed . Thus, the mechanisms underlying hematopoietic differentiation, expansion, and self-renewal are not well defined in monkey ESCs and, curiously, seem to differ from those of hESCs.1 j! @# F8 z, ]; o% Y# D
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Given the importance of nonhuman primate ESCs, the current study pursues the differences in hematopoietic differentiation of rESCs compared with hESCs. Our results clearly demonstrate differential requirements for hematopoietic differentiation between these closely related species. Specifically, we show that rESCs differentiate to the bipotential stage of hematoendothelial development when using culture conditions developed for the hematopoietic differentiation of hESCs. Subsequent hematopoietic commitment is limited by an unclear mechanism. These findings emphasize the need to further study the differentiation of nonhuman primate ESCs as they relate to hESCs to gain essential information from this clinically relevant model." L+ N, A4 B# M; ?) U
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MATERIALS AND METHODS& a1 @  b0 F: |2 e
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Embryonic Stem Cells( y1 S' ^0 J) ?. T) a1 {
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The undifferentiated human embryonic stem cell line H9 (WiCell Research Institute, Madison, WI, http://www.wicell.org) was maintained by coculture with irradiated murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/Ham's F-12 medium (F12) supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% nonessential amino acids (NEAA), 1 mM L-glutamine (all from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, http://www.invitrogen.com), 0.1 mM ß-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, http://www.sigmaaldrich.com), and 4 ng/ml human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, http://www.rndsystems.com) .

The R366.4, R420, and R456 rhesus macaque ESCs derived from in vivo-flushed blastocysts  in DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen) supplemented with 20% FBS (HyClone, Logan, UT, http://www.hyclone.com), 1 mM glutamine, 0.1 mM ß-mercaptoethanol, and 1% NEAA (Invitrogen).! n0 j  o4 g+ G" |" e

Undifferentiated CJ7 murine ESCs (kindly provided by Dr. Stuart Orkin, Boston, MA) were maintained by coculture with irradiated MEFs in gelatin-coated flasks in DMEM supplemented with 15% FBS (HyClone), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1% NEAA (all from Invitrogen), and 100uM 1-thioglycerol (Sigma-Aldrich).# r1 H% U, g" @7 e/ Q! h) I7 B

Maintenance of Undifferentiated rESC and hESC Feeder-Free Cultures

Initially, R366.4, R420, R456, ORMES-7, and H9 ESCs were maintained as undifferentiated cells by passage on irradiated MEFs (rESCMEF and hESCMEF). The cells were then adapted to feeder-free culture by allowing them to expand on Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Diego, http://www.bdbiosciences.com)-coated plates as previously described by Xu et al. . rESC and hESC cultures growing on Matrigel (rESCMAT and hESCMAT) were maintained in MEF-conditioned media supplemented with bFGF at 4 ng/ml (R&D Systems).) w( R& x' R  b! X, Q) Z
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Preparation of MEF-Conditioned Media2 s' h# C& S9 d& `2 Y0 ?4 s; `
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MEFs were harvested and irradiated at 40 Gy and seeded at 55,000 cells per cm2 in media containing 80% Knockout DMEM (KO-DMEM), 20% Knockout serum replacement, 1 mM L-glutamine, 0.1 mM ß-mercaptoethanol, and 1% NEAA (all from Invitrogen). MEF-conditioned medium (MEF-CM) was collected and supplemented with bFGF at 4 ng/ml. hESCMAT and rESCMAT cultures were fed with MEF-CM daily. Cultures were passaged before they became confluent by incubation in 200 units/ml collagenase IV for 5 minutes at 37¡ãC, dissociated, and then seeded back onto Matrigel-coated plates.

Coculture on OP9 Stromal Layer( _6 F1 X' S! @1 v+ y6 v) z

rESCMAT and hESCMAT cells were seeded on confluent OP9 layers as previously described . Briefly, OP9 cells were maintained in -minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 15% FBS (HyClone). The cells were allowed to reach confluence at least 3 days prior to the plating of rESCMAT and hESCMAT cells. On the day of plating, the medium was changed to MEM supplemented with 15% FBS (HyClone), 1 mM L-glutamine (Invitrogen), 50 µg/ml ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 20% BIT9500 (Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada, http://www.stemcell.com), and 450 µM monothioglycerol. For the cytokine-supplemented OP9 cocultures, the following cytokines were added to the medium: 150 ng/ml stem cell factor (SCF), 150 ng/ml Flt-3 ligand (Flt-3L), 10 ng/ml interleukin (IL)-3, 10 ng/ml IL-6, 50 ng/ml granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and 20 ng/ml bone morphogenetic factor (BMP-4) (all from R&D Systems). The cells were fed every fourth day and harvested on days 4¨C16 using collagenase IV.% E4 f1 @0 {9 _
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Embryoid Body Culture

Undifferentiated hESCs and rESCs that were adapted to feeder-free growth on Matrigel-coated plates were harvested at confluence with collagenase IV. To promote EB formation, the cells were transferred to six-well low-attachment plates for an overnight incubation in KO-DMEM supplemented with 20% FBS (HyClone), 1% NEAA, 1 mM L-glutamine, and 0.1 mM mercaptoethanol (all from Invitrogen). The next day, cultures were fed fresh differentiation media alone (control) or were fed differentiation media supplemented with the following growth factors and cytokines: 150 ng/ml SCF, 150 ng/ml Flt-3L, 10 ng/ml IL-3, 10 ng/ml IL-6, 50 ng/ml G-CSF, and 20 ng/ml BMP-4 (all from R&D Systems). The media was changed every 4 days by transferring the EBs into a 15-ml tube and letting the aggregates settle for 5 minutes. The supernatant was aspirated and replaced with fresh differentiation media.

Undifferentiated murine CJ7 ESCs were maintained in feeder-free culture on gelatin-coated plates in the presence of LIF. For EB formation cells, were harvested using trypsin and were seeded in low-attachment plates in DMEM containing 15% FBS, (HyClone), 1 mM L-glutamine, 1% sodium pyruvate, 0.75% bovine serum albumin (fraction V), 450 µM monthioglycerol (all from Invitrogen), and 20% BIT9500 (Stem Cell Technologies). The next day, cultures were given fresh differentiation media alone (control) or differentiation media supplemented with 50 ng/ml SCF, 10 ng/ml IL-3, 10 ng/ml IL-6, 5 ng/ml G-CSF, 5 ng/ml granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 10 ng/ml vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 10 ng/ml thrombopoietin (TPO), and 10 ng/ml erythropoietin (EPO) (all from R&D Systems). The cells were fed every fourth day and harvested after 16 days of EB culture.

Flow Cytometry

Cells were washed with media and treated with trypsin and collagenase IV (Invitrogen) for 20 minutes in a 37¡ãC incubator followed by washes with media and passage through a 70-µm cell strainer. The cells were resuspended at approximately 2 x 105 cells per milliliter and stained with the following fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies: anti-human CD43 (L10), anti-human CD31 (WM-59), anti-human CD38 (HIT2), anti-nonhuman primate CD41 (HIP8), anti-human CD117 (YB5.B8) (all from eBiosciences, San Diego, CA, http://www.ebioscience.com); anti-human CD45 (D058¨C1283), anti-human (HI30), anti-human CD34 (563) (BD Biosciences); anti-human FLK-1 (89106), anti-human SSEA-4 antibody (MC-813-70), and anti-human Oct3/4 (240408) (all from R&D Systems). Human-rhesus cross-reactivity was confirmed using rhesus tissue samples. Nonviable cells were excluded with 7-aminoactinomycin D (BD Biosciences). Live cell analysis was performed on a FACSCalibur flow cytometer with Cell Quest software.  A) }0 u( `$ o) Q; e2 k

For intracellular staining, cells were harvested using trypsin and collagenase IV, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes on ice. The cells were washed with PBS and once with SAP buffer (PBS containing 2% fetal calf serum and 0.2% saponin). The cells were then stained with goat anti-Oct-3/4 (R&D Systems) in SAP buffer for 30 minutes at 4¡ãC and then washed twice with SAP buffer. The cells were then incubated with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated, isotype-specific anti-rat IgG2b secondary antibody (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, http://www.bdbiosciences.com/pharmingen) for 30 minutes at 4¡ãC prior to washing and analysis on a FACSCalibur flow cytometer with Cell Quest software. For negative controls, the primary antibody was omitted.+ p+ s. D7 e* Z" N8 O8 U/ Q9 M+ }

Clonogenic Hematopoietic Progenitor Assay9 `' X& q8 H6 m4 F
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Embryoid bodies were dispersed into single-cell suspensions using 1 mg/ml collagenase IV and 0.05% trypsin/EDTA. Viable cells were quantified, plated (3.0 x 105 cells per milliliter), and assayed in humidified chambers for hematopoietic CFCs using Human Methylcellulose Complete media (R&D Systems) containing 50 ng/ml SCF, 3 U/ml EPO, 10 ng/ml GM-CSF, and 10 ng/ml IL-3.& a. X* x, i" `% v& L* ~% }0 G* X
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Colony Histology

Individual colonies growing on methylcellulose were picked using a pulled-tip glass micropipette. The colony was placed in a 1.5-ml centrifuge tube with 1 ml of PBS. Cell clumps were dissociated by incubation with 0.05% trypsin for 5 minutes. The cells were then washed and resuspended in 300 µl of medium, mounted on Cytoclips (Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, MA, http://www.thermo.com), and centrifuged at 800 rpm for 5 minutes. Cells were fixed and stained with Wright-Giemsa reagents (Hema 3 stain; Fisher Scientific International, Hampton, NH, http://www.fisherscientific.com) according to the manufacturer's instructions.0 z7 Y' A% ?9 a9 @
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For immunofluorescence staining, the cytospins were washed with twice with PBS and fixed for 10 minutes in PBS containing 2% paraformaldehyde. The fixed cells were washed with PBS and incubated initially with biotin-conjugated anti-VE-cadherin (16B1; eBioscience) and FITC-conjugated anti-CD45 (D058-1283; BD Biosciences) for 1 hour, washed five times, and incubated with streptavidin-Alexa Fluor 546 (Invitrogen) for another 45 minutes. Following the second staining step, the cells were washed and mounted using Antifade gold (Invitrogen). Images were acquired using an MRC 1024ES confocal microscope (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, http://www.bio-rad.com). Cells incubated with streptavidin-Alexa Fluor 546 alone and IgG1-FITC served as controls. For acetylated low-density lipoprotein staining, the colonies were plucked from methylcellulose and replated on a Matrigel-coated slide flask (Nalgene Nunc International, Rochester, NY) for 2 days. Aseptically, diI-acetylated low-density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL) (Biomedical Technologies, Stoughton, MA, http://www.btiinc.com) was diluted to 10 µg/ml in medium, added to the live cells, and allowed to incubate for 4 hours at 37¡ãC. The medium was removed, and the cells were washed several times with medium. The cells were mounted using mounted using Antifade gold (Invitrogen) and visualized using standard rhodamine excitation emission filters via confocal microscopy.  H, p' R9 k6 Q# c! x

Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis& y% j- b7 L0 S! r9 H

Total RNA was isolated from undifferentiated rESCs and 16-day rhesus EB cultures using the RNAqueous-4PCR Kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, http://www.ambion.com). RNA was treated with RNase-free DNase at the last step of the reaction. cDNA was synthesized using the Bio-Rad iScript cDNA synthesis kit. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed using iQ SYBR Green Supermix reagents and an iCycler thermal cycler and software (Bio-Rad). Rhesus-specific primers were as follows: 5'-GAAACCGCAAGGCATCTG-3' (forward) and 5'-CCCACAATTCCCGCTACC-3' (reverse) for GATA-1; 5'-CCACAGCCCTAGTATGAAAG-3' (forward) and 5'-TCACCGCATACAGAATCTAAG-3' (reverse) for GATA-2; 5'-AAAACAAAGGGCACAGCATC-3' (forward) and 5'-GAGACCAACGCAATTCATCA-3' (reverse) for SCL'; 5'-ATGCACGGCATCTGGGAATC-3' (forward) and 5'-GTCACTGTCCTGCAA-GTTGCTGTC-3' (reverse) for FLK-1; 5'-CCCTCTCCTGGGAGCATT-3' (forward) and 5'-AAAGAGAGGAAGGCTCTGGTG-3' (reverse) for RUNX-1; and 5'-ATCCCCCAATTCTCTGGAAC-3' (forward) and 5'-ATTGGGGAACTCCAGACACA-3' (reverse) for PU.1. All primers were tested and optimized for specificity with rhesus samples and nonreactivity with SYBR Green reagents using non-reverse-transcribed cDNA. Briefly, for each reaction, 12.5 µl of the SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Bio-Rad) was mixed with 10 µM each primer (for each gene of interest or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase . The relative expression of each normalized target gene was compared with the GAPDH-normalized expression of the target gene. Fold change expression from undifferentiated rESCs was calculated as 2¨CCT, where CT = (CT of differentiated rESCs) ¨C CT (undifferentiated rESCs).

RESULTS
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Undifferentiated rESCs Demonstrate a Phenotype Similar to That of hESCs When Expanded on MEF or Matrigel

In preliminary studies, we observed that the presence of even a small number of MEFs significantly inhibited the hematopoietic differentiation of rESCs. Therefore, undifferentiated rESCs (R366.4, R456, R420, and ORMES-7) and hESCs (H9) were expanded on irradiated MEFs (rESCMEF and hESCMEF) and adapted to feeder-free growth on Matrigel-coated plates (rESCMAT and hESCMAT). The rESCMAT maintained a normal karyotype after nearly 20 passages on Matrigel (Fig. 1A¨C1C). Each of the human and rhesus ESC lines has been shown to induce the development of teratomas following transplantation into immunodeficient mice . Figure 1D¨C1G provides sample histologic images of a single teratoma derived from the injection of undifferentiated ORMES-7 rESCs. Morphologic evidence is shown for cartilaginous (mesoderm), intestinal (endoderm), and neural (ectodermal) differentiation.( B+ N7 |/ U) r; C; p# `
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Figure 1. Feeder-free expansion of undifferentiated ESCs. Undifferentiated R366.4 rhesus ESCs (rESCs) were maintained on irradiated murine embryonic fibroblasts (A) or adapted to feeder-free conditions on Matrigel-coated plates (magnification, x25; scale bar = 50 µm) (B) without change in colony morphology. (C): Despite 20 passages on Matrigel, undifferentiated rESCs maintained a normal 42XY karyotype. (D¨CG): Histologic sections of teratomas formed by injection of undifferentiated ORMES-7 rESCs into SCID mice and examined at 15 weeks. (D): Low-power field demonstrating an overview of multiple cell types (magnification, x25). (E): Cartilage cells depicting mesodermal differentiation. (F): Gut epithelium depicting endodermal differentiation. (G): Neural tissue depicting ectodermal differentiation. Magnification (E¨CG), x100.
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Following expansion on Matrigel, the undifferentiated ESCs were harvested and analyzed for the expression of antigens associated with pluripotency (c-Kit, SSEA-4, and Oct3/4) . The results showed that undifferentiated rESCs and hESCs were completely devoid of CD45 expression but expressed a low frequency of CD34  and FLK-1  cells, suggesting some heterogeneity among both rESCs and hESCs (Fig. 2A, 2B). Both human and rhesus ESCs maintained on Matrigel displayed a slightly higher frequency of the FLK-1  subset of cells in the culture but an otherwise similar differentiation profile compared with ESCs maintained on MEFs. As expected, the Oct-4, c-Kit, and SSEA-4 were highly expressed in the undifferentiated ESCs.

Figure 2. Analysis of undifferentiated rhesus ESCs (rESCs) and human ESCs (hESCs) for phenotypic markers associated with pluripotency. Undifferentiated H9 and R366.4 ESCs expanded on MEFs or on Matrigel were harvested and stained for antigens associated with pluripotency (CD117, SSEA-4, and Oct4) and those associated with hematoendothelial differentiation (FLK-1, CD34, CD45, CD41, CD38, and CD31). The frequency of each phenotype for either H9 (A) or R366.4 (B) undifferentiated ESCs was determined by flow cytometry. Each value represents the mean of three independent experiments ¡À SEM. Abbreviation: MEF, murine embryonic fibroblast." Z1 w* J8 B1 G( H7 D
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rESCs Differentiating on OP9 Stroma Lack Phenotypic and Functional Hematopoietic Properties; U4 \/ K3 P# I4 _  \
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Recently, Vodyanik et al.  demonstrated the generation of hematopoietic progenitor cells following coculture of hESCs with OP9 stroma. We compared the hematopoietic differentiation of rESCs with that of hESCs on OP9 stroma. As shown in Figure 3, rESCs demonstrated a limited capacity for hematopoietic differentiation compared with hESCs in OP9 stromal culture. Although CD34  cells could be detected at low levels, no CD45  cells were seen (

Figure 3. Hematopoietic differentiation of rESCs and hESCs in OP9 coculture. rESCmat (A, C) and hESCmat (B, D) cells were allowed to differentiate on confluent OP9 layers and harvested between day 4 and day 16. The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for hematoendothelial differentiation (FLK-1, CD34, CD45, CD41, CD31, and CD38) and for the presence of undifferentiated ESCs (CD117). (A, C): Values represent the mean ¡À SEM of three individual experiments. (B, D): Values represent the mean of duplicate experiments. Abbreviations: hESC, human ESC; mat, Matrigel; rESC, rhesus ESC.

Cytokine Supplementation of EB Cultures Leads to Improved Hematopoietic Differentiation of rESCs to a Lesser Degree Than in hESC Cultures. [# [" U! i5 Z+ E* i7 {: z+ F. Q
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Chadwick et al.  demonstrated the hematopoietic differentiation of hESCs in cytokine-supplemented EB cultures. We compared the differentiation of rESCs and hESCs in EB culture with and without cytokine supplementation. Rhesus EB cultures without cytokine supplementation demonstrated low levels of CD34  (
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Figure 4. Hematopoietic differentiation of rESCs and hESCs as EB cultures in the presence or absence of cytokines. rESCmat and hESCmat cells were allowed to differentiate as EB cultures in the absence (A¨CD) and presence (E¨CH) of cytokines. The cells were harvested from day 4 to day 16 and analyzed by flow cytometry for hematoendothelial differentiation (Flk-1, CD34, CD45, CD41, CD31, and CD38) and for the presence of undifferentiated ESCs (SSEA-4 and CD117). (B, D): Values represent the mean of duplicate experiments. (A, C, E¨CH): Data shown represent the mean values ¡À SEM of three independent experiments. Abbreviations: hESC, human ESC; mat, Matrigel; rESC, rhesus ESC.0 f! B& `* O3 k% q
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Rhesus EBs formed in the presence of cytokines (BMP-4, SCF, Flt-3 ligand, IL-3, IL-6, and GM-CSF) demonstrated a decrease in SSEA-4 frequency (60%¨C12%), with a concomitant rise in the levels of CD41  and CD34  cells. In addition, for the first time, detectable frequencies of CD45  cells were observed beginning at EB12 and continuing to EB22 (0.18%¨C0.98%) in the presence of cytokines (Fig. 4E, 4G). Human EBs revealed a robust hematopoietic differentiation with higher frequencies of CD34-positive (10.0 ¡À 1.7%), CD45-positive (20.0 ¡À 7.2%), and CD31-positive (18 ¡À 4.7%) cells in the presence of cytokines (Fig. 4F, 4H).8 Y2 J& ^0 V( Q* R9 R( `

rESCs Demonstrate a Lower Capacity for Hematopoietic Differentiation in EB Culture Compared with hESCs or mESCs2 G. V1 u5 n$ F. W
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Using similar EB culture conditions, we compared the hematopoietic differentiation of rhesus EBs to both murine and human EBs. As shown in Figure 5A, both human and murine EBs demonstrated robust hematopoietic differentiation, as approximately one fourth of the cultured cells expressed CD45. Significantly lower levels of CD45 expression were observed in the differentiating rhesus EBs compared with the either the human or murine EBs. Surprisingly, the differentiation profile of H9 human EBs was closer to that of the CJ7 murine EBs than to those derived from the four different rESC lines tested (R366.4, R420, R456, and ORMES-7). To evaluate the possibility that the rESCs simply require more time in culture to demonstrate significant hematopoietic lineage commitment, rhesus EB cultures were maintained with cytokine supplementation for up to 7 weeks. As shown in Figure 5B, higher levels of CD34  cells were observed in all three lines of rESCs. However, these increases in CD34 expression were not associated with a hematopoietic lineage commitment, as the levels of CD45 decreased from 3.63% to 0.66% in R420 cells, whereas they remained relatively unchanged in the other two cell lines. In addition, there was a decrease in CD31 frequency in the R456 (from 4.4% to 0.7%) and R420 (from 3.48% to 0.32%) EBs. Thus, allowing the EBs to differentiate for longer periods of time enhanced CD34 expression but did not augment the levels of CD45  cells.3 n, y5 j2 ?  d8 [4 ?3 |

Figure 5. Comparison of hematopoietic differentiation in EB culture between human ESCs (hESCs), murine ESCs, and rhesus ESCs (rESCs). rESCs (R336.4, R420, R456, and ORMES-7), murine ESCs (CJ7), and hESCs (H9) were allowed to differentiate in cytokine-supplemented EB cultures. Human-specific cytokines were used for culturing human and rhesus EBs, whereas murine-specific cytokines were used for the CJ7 cells. (A): The EBs were harvested on day 16, and hematopoietic differentiation was assessed by flow cytometry. (B): Extended EB culture of rESCs (R336.4, R420, and R456) in the presence of cytokines for nearly 7 weeks, subsequently analyzed for hematopoietic differentiation by flow cytometry. (C): Coculture of R366.4 rESCs with OP9 stroma for 16 days in hematopoietic differentiation medium with or without cytokine supplementation. (D): Tracking of the frequencies of CD34  or CD45  cells during extended coculture of 366.4 rESCs in OP9 stroma. (A): Values represent the mean ¡À SEM of three independent experiments. (B¨CD): Values represent the mean of duplicate experiments.

Next, we examined the effect of cytokine supplementation on the differentiation of rESCs during OP9 coculture. As shown in Figure 5C, cytokine supplementation of OP9 stroma cocultures resulted in slightly lower frequencies of CD34  and CD41  cells and higher levels of FLK-1  cells. The increases in FLK-1 expression suggested enhanced development of hematopoietic mesoderm; however, CD45  cells remained at an undetectable level. Lastly, rESCs subjected to 4 weeks of OP9 coculture in the absence of cytokines demonstrated rapid expansion of CD34  cells (76% of mixed culture at 28 days), yet CD45 expression still remained undetectable (Fig. 5D).
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Rhesus EBs Express a Transcriptional Profile Consistent with Hematoendothelial Differentiation and Display Both Hematopoietic and Endothelial Differentiation in Semisolid Clonogenic Culture. m8 F. R* ~+ B0 O) q

To further characterize their hematopoietic development, rhesus EBs were studied for their expression of transcription factors critically associated with hematoendothelial development and subsequent lineage commitment (SCL/Tal-1, GATA-1, GATA-2, PU.1, and RUNX1). SCL/Tal-1 has been shown to play a fundamental role in the earliest stages of hematopoietic and endothelial development. In addition, blast colony-forming cells (BL-CFCs) (putative murine hemangioblasts) fail to form from SCL¨C/¨C ESCs .
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The expression of these transcription factors was measured in three lines of undifferentiated rESCs and compared with day 16 rhesus EBs cultured in cytokine-enriched media. As shown in Figure 6A, all three lines of EBs demonstrated upregulation of factors associated with early hematoendothelial development, as evidenced by increases in GATA-1, GATA-2, SCL, and FLK-1 expression and a dramatic fall in Oct-3/4 expression. However, absence of hematopoietic lineage commitment was demonstrated by a lack of upregulation of either RUNX1 or PU.1 in two of the three lines studied. Interestingly, PU.1 appeared to be upregulated in the third group of rhesus EBs (R420), which also demonstrated the highest frequency of CD45  cells, as shown in Figure 5A.
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Figure 6. Analysis of hematoendothelial colonies derived from rhesus EBs. Individual hematoendothelial colonies were picked from methylcellulose cultures of single-cell suspensions harvested from day 16 rhesus EBs cultured in cytokine-supplemented media. (A): Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of rhesus EBs for their expression of transcription factors critically associated with hematoendothelial development and subsequent lineage commitment (SCL/Tal-1, GATA-1, GATA-2, PU.1, and RUNX1). (B): Representative photomicrograph of hematoendothelial colony arising from methylcellulose culture of day 16 R420 EBs demonstrating a mixed colony of erythroid clusters, myeloid cells, and endothelial cells. (C, D): Wright stains (magnification, x100) of picked hematoendothelial colonies reveals morphology of macrophages, endothelial cells, and erythroid cells. (E, F): Double-stained microscopic images of cytospin preparation of individual hematoendothelial colonies. (G): Confocal fluorescence imaging (magnification, x25) reveals cells with either CD45 expression (FITC, green) or VE-cadherin expression (Alexa Fluor 546, red), confirming the existence of cells within the EB cultures capable of bipotential differentiation. (H¨CJ): Triple-stained confocal fluorescence images of individual hematoendothelial colonies (magnification, x25). (K): Merged image reveals distinct hematopoietic cells (CD45 FITC, green) in the background of endothelial cells (VE-cadherin PE-Cy5, purple; Ac-LDL, red). Abbreviations: Ac-LDL, acetylated low-density lipoprotein; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; PE, phycoerythrin.8 p. J( K2 S+ Y) o4 r1 N

When plated in methylcellulose, robust hematopoietic colony formation was observed from both murine and human EBs (data not shown). However, as shown in Figure 6B, cells from rhesus EBs formed colonies of mixed erythroid, myeloid, and endothelial cell types, signaling the existence of bipotential hematoendothelial progenitors in the cultures reminiscent of BL-CFCs. The loosely adherent cells in the hematoendothelial colonies displayed erythroid or macrophage morphology on examination of Wright stains (Fig. 6C, 6D). To better characterize these mixed colonies, the cells were stained for antigens associated with endothelial (VE-cadherin and Ac-LDL) or hematopoietic (CD45) lineage commitment. As shown in Figure 6E¨C6G, small, rounded cells characteristic of hematopoietic morphology expressed only CD45 without VE-cadherin. Conversely, cells exhibiting endothelial morphology expressed VE-cadherin brightly without CD45 expression. Triple staining with CD45, VE-cadherin, and Ac-LDL is shown in Figure 6H¨C6K. Similar morphology was seen in cells with high uptake of Ac-LDL. Taken together, these findings indicate that exposure of the rhesus EBs to the current cytokine cocktail results in the abundant development of bipotential hematoendothelial progenitors with only limited commitment to definitive hematopoietic lineages. This "pause" in hematoendothelial differentiation illustrates a point of divergence from patterns of hematopoietic differentiation seen in murine and human EBs under similar conditions.

DISCUSSION

Progress toward clinical application of ESC-derived hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation requires rigorous evaluation in a clinically relevant animal model, such as monkeys. However, in contrast to hESCs, efforts to induce conclusive hematopoietic differentiation from rESCs have been unsuccessful . These peculiar differences in hematopoietic differentiation between human and nonhuman primate ESCs have not been consistently studied and are therefore poorly understood. Characterizing these functional differences will likely clarify the critical regulatory steps involved in the hematopoietic differentiation of ESCs. The need for a better understanding of rESC-derived hematopoiesis as it relates to human ESC biology provides the major impetus for this study.

In the present study, rESCs were adapted to feeder-free growth on Matrigel. The rESCMAT, like the hESCMAT , retained a normal karyotype despite nearly 20 passages of feeder-free growth. In OP9 stromal coculture, rESCs demonstrated no CD45 expression but developed CD34  cells, which gave rise to endothelial cell networks in subsequent methylcellulose culture. In the same conditions, hESCs exhibited convincing hematopoietic differentiation. In cytokine-supplemented EB culture, rESCs demonstrated improved hematopoietic differentiation, as evidenced by significant levels of CD34  and CD41  cells and detectable levels of CD45  cells. However, these levels remained dramatically lower than those for hESCs under identical culture conditions. Subsequent plating of cytokine-supplemented rhesus EBs in methylcellulose culture led to the formation of mixed colonies of erythroid, myeloid, and endothelial cells, confirming the existence of bipotential hematoendothelial progenitors in the cytokine-supplemented EB cultures. Evaluation of four independently isolated rESC lines confirms the validity of these disparities.; _) k% |1 n( p
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Previous comparisons of murine and human hematopoietic ontogeny have revealed extensive homology between these otherwise disparate species. Surprisingly, ESCs derived from the more closely related rhesus macaque behave differently than their human counterparts in the same culture environment. These observations have been reported in previous studies of ESCs derived from the rhesus macaque and other nonhuman primates. Li et al. .
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Recent reports have shown the generation of hematopoietic cells from cynomolgus ESCs (cyESCs), but the methodology used differs significantly from that used previously for hESCs. Hiroyama et al. . These findings imply the absence of an essential growth factor or the existence an inhibitor in OP9 coculture that limits hematopoietic commitment in cyESCs. This effect is not observed in OP9 coculture with hESCs as shown in Figure 3B.

In addition, a study of hematopoietic differentiation in common marmoset ESCs (cmESCs) . They concluded that cmESCs may possess a lower rate of intrinsic hematopoietic differentiation compared with hESCs. Interestingly, the authors found that when the cmESCs were transduced to overexpress Scl/Tal1 under the control of an EF1- promoter, a dramatic increase in the hematopoietic colony formation was observed. This was also associated with a significant rise in Gata-1 expression, possibly signaling a switch toward hematopoietic commitment., G, L: R' m& N" ~
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Similar conclusions were reached in the present study and are expanded to include multiple rhesus ESC lines in direct comparison with both human and murine ESCs. For the first time, the development of detectable quantities of CD45  cells confirms the existence of lineage-committed hematopoietic cells. However, their frequency is extremely low relative to both murine and human EB culture. The presence of FLK-1 and CD34 expression points to an arrest of hematopoietic commitment at the bipotential stage of hematoendothelial progenitor development, and subsequent differentiation reveals a bias toward endothelial differentiation. As shown in Figure 5B, allowing the rhesus EBs to differentiate for nearly 7 weeks did not change the above findings. Lastly, subculture of day 12 EB cultures by dissociation of the EBs and replating decreased the levels of CD45-positive cells and enhanced the endothelial differentiation (data not shown).
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The observed differences between human and rhesus ESCs did not relate to the subtle differences in their initial procurement. Three of the rESC lines described in this study (R366.4, R420, and R456) were isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts produced in vivo. In contrast, one of the rhesus ESC lines (ORMES-7) and the human ESC line (H9) were derived from in vitro-derived rhesus or human blastocysts . The subsequent steps in the isolation and expansion of all ESCs derived from either species were identical. Since the results were consistent among all four lines of rESCs, we conclude that the disparities in hematopoietic differentiation between the rhesus and human ESC cultures were not simply due to the technique of blastocyst derivation.& Z8 F; K0 z' e/ T) K

Possible explanations for the observed arrest in the hematopoietic lineage commitment of differentiating rESCs include either the absence of an essential factor needed to augment hematopoietic differentiation or the existence of a specific inhibitory signal. In the case of OP9 stromal coculture, no trophic factors were added beyond those found in the fetal calf serum or provided by the stromal cells themselves. Although OP9 stroma is derived from the macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient osteopetrotic mouse and has been shown to secrete SCF and IL-7  and the endogenous levels of its receptor, CXCR4, might influence hematopoietic differentiation of rESCs on OP9 stroma and explain the differential stromal requirement between rESCs and hESCs. Future experiments designed to characterize the nature of the support provided by the OP9 stroma to human ESCs are currently under way and may provide clues regarding the key inductive or inhibitory factors influencing hematopoietic differentiation of rESCs.

In the EB culture of rESCs, a supportive stromal layer is not used, thus eliminating any effects from direct contact or soluble factors arising from murine fibroblasts. However, an autologous stromal cell population also develops within the EBs that may impair hematopoietic differentiation . Future experiments designed to block TNF- and TGF-ß function are planned to assess the role of these factors in the hematopoietic differentiation of rhesus EBs.

Growing evidence shows that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) can positively regulate hematopoiesis by acting on various cellular targets, including stromal cells, early and committed hematopoietic progenitors, and possibly some mature blood cells . Thus, endogenous levels of FGFR within the rhesus EBs could specifically alter the differentiation of developing hemangioblasts. We are currently studying a number of candidate populations of hematoendothelial progenitors for their hematopoietic differentiation capacity following isolation and subculture.
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SUMMARY

In summary, this direct comparison of hematopoietic differentiation between hESCs and rESCs illustrates critical differences in the biology of cultured ESCs between these closely related species. In light of the importance of a nonhuman primate model to clinical application of ESC-based therapy, these findings emphasize the need to develop reliable rESC-specific protocols for hematopoietic differentiation. An improved understanding of the factors regulating hematopoietic differentiation from rESCs will facilitate subsequent transplantation studies in allogeneic hosts.3 a# |( l+ [9 ^: C" a

DISCLOSURES

The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS+ R4 ?7 l8 y" N9 O! I* \
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We thank Daniel Webster for assistance with the qRT-PCR assays, Rachel Lewis for technical assistance with the rESC cultures, Maxim Vodyanik for assistance with the hESC/OP9 coculture technique, and James Byrne for technical assistance with the in vivo teratoma formation. This work was supported in part by a grant to the University of Wisconsin Medical School under the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Research Resources Program for Medical Schools (A.F.S.) and by a Faculty Research Fellowship Award from the American College of Surgeons (A.F.S.).
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