Concise Review: Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal CellsBasic and Clinical Implicati - 《stemcells》干细胞学杂志干细胞之家



免疫细胞治疗专区	欢迎关注干细胞微信公众号

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 26 下一页

返回列表

查看: 396120\|回复: 254	go Concise Review: Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal CellsBasic and Clinical Implicati [复制链接]

江边孤钓

版主

Rank: 7 Rank: 7 Rank: 7

积分: 0
威望: 0
包包: 483

楼主

发表于 2009-3-5 00:56 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览 |打印

作者：Andreas Schffler, Christa Bchler作者单位：Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

   4 m: S: u/ U$ |& h. o% e
      3 I; E; w6 |0 z) E$ |: K

         % |' y' ~" O  m3 P& ?
         ) P! W/ R5 \: p" n" V

         6 v% M  v+ J1 p

      6 u' T7 U% s* ]' b  n# B: l  r

      # o" {& }) ]( K
      【摘要】9 q5 Z( m0 W3 f  W# r. i7 |
   Compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSC) do have an equal potential to differentiate into cells and tissues of mesodermal origin, such as adipocytes, cartilage, bone, and skeletal muscle. However, the easy and repeatable access to subcutaneous adipose tissue and the simple isolation procedures provide a clear advantage. Since extensive reviews focusing exclusively on ADSC are rare, it is the aim of this review to describe the preparation and isolation procedures for ADSC, to summarize the molecular characterization of ADSC, to describe the differentiation capacity of ADSC, and to discuss the mechanisms and future role of ADSC in cell therapy and tissue engineering. An initial effort has also been made to differentiate ADSC into hepatocytes, endocrine pancreatic cells, neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and endothelial/vascular cells. Whereas the lineage-specific differentiation into cells of mesodermal origin is well understood on a molecular basis, the molecular key events and transcription factors that initially allocate the ADSC to a lineage-specific differentiation are almost completely unknown. Decoding these molecular mechanisms is a prerequisite for developing novel cell therapies.! W/ _' g4 \7 p7 O7 J

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
      【关键词】 Adipocyte Adipose tissue Mesenchymal stem cell Tissue engineering Cell therapy- D; p% s# G' M* f# V+ C% v$ Y
   INTRODUCTION( q; `" }% S, x! D
# K5 ^, A* E) V  X( d2 n( `6 ^  K
Multipotent human and mouse MSC have the ability  of pluripotent adipose tissue-derived stromal cells.: [# M5 K1 V8 T; \) z! D
* o( W# K1 u3 X# h2 e% `. Z( M9 G
There is a confusing inconsistency in the literature when using terms describing multipotent precursor cells from adipose tissue stroma, such as processed lipoaspirate (PLA) cells, adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSC), preadipocytes, adipose stroma vascular cell fraction, and others. The term SVF corresponds to ADSC and describes cells obtained immediately after collagenase digestion. The critical point is the absence of a detailed molecular and cellular characterization of multipotent stem cells within the adipose stroma. Accordingly, the term ADSC will be used throughout this review. However, considerable effort has been made to characterize cellular and molecular properties of ADSC. This is a critical point in the field, and to date, there is currently no review available interpreting the complex data on ADSC or adipose tissue-derived multipotential precursor cells. Recently, Rodriguez et al.  described the isolation and culture of adipose tissue-derived stem cells with multipotent differentiation capacity at the single cell level. These cells maintain their characteristics with long-term passaging and develop the unique features of human adipocytes. We decided to use the term ADSC in this review as a compromise and only for cells that were (a) passaged several times, (b) shown to exert multipotential differentiation capacity, and/or (c) molecularly characterized by using a multipanel of mesenchymal differentiation markers according to Table 1.; _: _: ~1 L1 j3 ~% w
) |. z  [0 {, t0 G
Table 1. Molecular phenotype of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells

The simple surgical procedure, the easy and repeatable access to the subcutaneous adipose tissue, and the uncomplicated enzyme-based isolation procedures make this tissue source for MSC most attractive for researchers and clinicians of nearly all medicinal subspecializations .0 \: K9 b8 C& I0 L" k$ @1 d; M3 s) f
7 d9 W6 E4 c5 ]4 w+ w; @: E5 c; \. c6 K4 X
Table 2. Clinical implications of tissue engineering in relation to cell-specific differentiation programs of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells

ADSC can easily be isolated from human adipose tissue  differentiation. Moreover, an initial effort has been made regarding the differentiation of ADSC across the germ leaf-specific tissues into nonmesenchymal tissues ("cross-differentiation"), such as neurons or endocrine pancreatic cells.) v3 ^: o- x# e" @, {7 h$ i0 B
* E  n) T# N; q+ N+ k  l: C
The aims of this review are:

To describe the isolation procedures for ADSC,

To summarize the molecular characterization of ADSC,

To describe the differentiation capacity of ADSC, and; U8 e3 e9 O6 q' D1 v  U# \

To discuss the mechanisms and future role of ADSC in mesenchymal tissue repair and tissue engineering.) l$ [9 O: p1 B% t2 d9 a% E

It is not the aim of the present review to discuss the characteristics and differentiation processes of MSC derived from other commonly used tissues, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or fetal liver.4 U# b: w) i" j- S# s! C

PREPARATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE-DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS) `; e2 t, K! N( L  Z
* @) s; m7 i1 N/ D5 u8 ~
Fibroblast-like adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ATMSC) are morphologically similar to MSC obtained from other tissues during isolation and culturing . Factors such as donor age, type (white or brown adipose tissue), and localization (subcutaneous or visceral adipose tissue) of the adipose tissue, type of surgical procedure, culturing conditions, exposure to plastic, plating density, and media formulations might influence both proliferation rate and differentiation capacity of ADSC.( I% S3 h: @* s% ^. o
$ W+ R5 V* i: @( }5 G  Z
Neither the type of surgical procedure nor the anatomical site of the adipose tissue affects the total number of viable cells that can be obtained from the SVF  reported on the significant enlargement of a pedicle flap of skin/adipose tissue transferred from the subcutaneous abdominal region to the patient's dorsum of hand (autologous fat grafting). This enlargement occurred in parallel to the abdominal weight gain of the patient over time. Accordingly, transferred adipocytes might retain the properties of their site of origin. Future studies have to clarify whether different anatomical sources of ADSC (subcutaneous-peripheral, subcutaneous-abdominal, and visceral/omental) exhibit a different metabolic and cellular behavior after cell therapy.
( t' Y/ A' S8 M, ]4 l
The frequency of proliferating MSC and the population doubling time are dependent on the surgical procedure, with some advantages for resection and tumescent liposuction compared with ultrasound-assisted liposuction . Total adipose tissue obtained by surgery first has to be microdissected under sterile conditions to obtain small fat lobules (0.5¨C1 cm3). The basic steps and principles of ADSC preparation are depicted in Figure 1. However, it has to be considered that the isolation procedure can affect the cells. Not only can viability and differentiation capacity be affected but also different collagenase batches and centrifugation speeds can cause the isolation of different cell subsets. Thus, a detailed molecular characterization of the isolated cells has to be performed.+ |, l0 t% C( Y9 J% |9 K; l

Figure 1. Preparation procedure of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Adipose tissue can be easily obtained by surgical resection, tumescent lipoaspiration, or ultrasound-assisted lipoaspiration. The principal steps of mesenchymal stem cell preparation and culturing are depicted. Exact protocols can be obtained from the literature. Expanded stromal cells can be used for several lineage-specific differentiation protocols as a basis for tissue engineering. Note that this procedure is depicted for the illustration of the basic steps and thus cannot be generalized. Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; DMEM-LG, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, low glucose concentration; FBS, fetal bovine serum; min., minutes; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline.

Isolated ADSC can be cryopreserved and expanded easily in vitro. Under the conditions commonly used, these cells develop a fibroblast-like morphology. The greatest number of adipocytes can be obtained from cultures plated at low density .& y% k8 O1 u$ B5 W; N

By using antioxidants, such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine and L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate, and a low calcium concentration, growth rate and life span of ADSC can be increased . The increasing knowledge on the molecular mechanisms regulating ADSC proliferation might be useful for the improvement of isolation and culturing procedures.
5 f8 Y0 |7 [1 G, }1 O
Knowledge of the global gene and protein expression profile of ADSC is a prerequisite both for culturing and lineage-specific differentiation and thus for a highly effective cell therapy. Although the surface marker protein expression profile (determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting) and the gene expression profile of ADSC (determined by microarray experiments) seem to be similar to that of BMMSC .

Wagner et al. , less than 1% of genes are estimated to be differentially expressed between ADSC and BMMSC.. t0 \! G( y3 i1 ^- a
: V/ q0 w8 s, r: h
Although BMMSC are phenotypically clearly described, the phenotypic characterization of ADSC still is in its infancy, and all attempts to establish an exact phenotypical definition of ATMSC and a clear discrimination between these cells and fibroblasts have been unsuccessful to date. Therefore, the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy has proposed, most recently, a minimal set of four criteria to define human MSC :5 ]% v: W+ R2 y! h

MSC have to be plastic-adherent when maintained under standard culture conditions.
2 E4 Z  W- z5 J
MSC must have the ability for osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation.6 ^9 @$ X& ]" M6 Q# E
3 j" S+ E) o$ Y' R
MSC must express CD73, CD90, and CD105 (Table 1).% L# z! Z+ P. X

MSC must lack expression of the hematopoietic lineage markers c-kit, CD14, CD11b, CD34, CD45, CD19, CD79, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR (Table 1).+ \  u* B. Z) C. N
; m9 h, O/ T/ y; Y. e4 Z$ d
The known ADSC expression profile of surface markers and genes is summarized in Table 1 according to data derived from the literature , one has to be cautious when comparing mesenchymal stem cells with (multipotent) precursor cells isolated from adipose tissue stroma. When interpreting the expression data summarized in Table 2, it has to be considered that, for example, HLA-DR can be induced by interferon-. Similarly, CD34 expression can also be seen at least during the first passages. This problem cannot be satisfyingly solved at present, and more detailed molecular data are necessary before a real and multipotent adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell can be clearly characterized and distinguished from intrinsic, pluripotent, adipose tissue stromal cell precursors./ I) x' _/ h! E
8 h/ R. s$ |0 i
The lack of HLA-DR expression and the immunosuppressive properties of ADSC . These findings support the idea that ADSC share immunosuppressive properties with BM-MSC and therefore might represent an alternative source to BM-MSC.0 [3 ^4 y' u6 T/ e5 B( X' x
& J' |: p' z& ~; y  N% i
DIFFERENTIATION CAPACITY OF ADIPOSE TISSUE-DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS( d  Q3 M5 h- ^$ e1 V
* s  Q, [* S) X
Allocation and Differentiation& }( C4 l, S% i' r6 q  Z
- H5 b3 p) W6 u- z  h" E2 j4 u" W1 K
MSC have the ability to differentiate into mesodermal cells (Table 3), such as adipocytes, fibroblasts, myocytes, osteocytes, and cartilagocytes, processes named lineage-specific differentiation . Among these cell types of mesodermal origin, the differentiation process can be switched, for example, by overexpression of lineage-specific transcription factors. Thus, overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor  (PPAR) in fibroblasts or myocytes results in adipogenic differentiation. This characteristic process (trans-germ plasticity) is termed trans-differentiation. Surprisingly, ADSC do not only have the potential to differentiate into cells and organs of mesodermal origin. There is increasing evidence for the ability of ADSC to differentiate into cells of nonmesodermal origin, such as neurons, endocrine pancreatic cells, hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and cardiomyocytes (Table 3). Accordingly, we suggest to describe this process by using the term "cross-differentiation" (cross-germ plasticity).2 J6 g) j$ n( j; p

Table 3. Experimentally used factors triggering the differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells4 m6 @5 o+ T+ j) z2 h

The transcriptional and molecular events triggering the lineage-specific mesodermal differentiation into adipocytes . Widely yet unidentified molecular rheostats, most probably transcription factors, are discussed to cause the commitment of the MSC to a specific lineage (Fig. 2).
6 p0 t1 ^& j" D( G
Figure 2. Molecular regulation of proliferation, allocation, and differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The processes of proliferation, allocation, and lineage-specific terminal differentiation are regulated by a complex interplay involving stem cell transcription factors (molecular rheostats), cell-specific transcription factors, and a wide variety of cellular kinases, growth factors, and receptors. Whereas the lineage-specific differentiation triggered by tissue-specific transcription factors is well understood, the allocation/commitment of the mesenchymal stem cell to a specific lineage is poorly understood. Thus, unknown stem cell transcription factors, such as TAZ, allocating the stem cell to a specific lineage still await discovery (molecular rheostats). Abbreviations: ADD1/SREBP1c, adipocyte determination- and differentiation-dependent factor-1/sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; C/EBP, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein; Dlx5, distal-less homeobox-5; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FGF-2, fibroblast growth factor 2; FGF-2-R, fibroblast growth factor 2 receptor; JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase; KLF, Kr¨¹ppel-like transcription factor; KROX-20, Krox-20 homolog Drosophila (previously); MEF2, MADS box transcription enhancer factor-2; MEK, microtubule-associated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase; MRF4, muscle regulatory factor-4; Myf5, myogenic factor-5; MyoD, myogenic differentiation antigen; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ; RXR, retinoid X receptor ; Shh, sonic hedgehog; STAT-1, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1; TAZ, transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif; TGF, transforming growth factor.9 b. s" X4 r7 D- N2 t
, e0 w2 V4 b$ {/ Y( a  Q+ J
In the case of adipocyte differentiation, although several transcriptional key events regulating the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes have been identified in the last decade, master genes committing the multipotent mesenchymal stem cell to adipoblasts are still awaiting discovery. Recently, transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) was identified as an early "molecular rheostat" (Fig. 2) modulating mesenchymal stem cell differentiation .
' O5 R2 e' f% t, `8 b' l# k
Adipogenic Differentiation

ADSC can be isolated from human subcutaneous adipose tissue and readily differentiated into cells of the adipocyte lineage. Most importantly, these ADSC-derived adipocytes develop important features known from mature adipocytes, such as lipolytic capacity upon catecholamine stimulation, anti-lipolytic activity mediated by 2-adrenoceptors, and the secretion of typical adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin .

To date, a human white adipocyte cell line is not commercially available. Thus, most researchers are currently using several rodent cell lines (e.g., mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes) or SVF prepared from total adipose tissue followed by hormonal differentiation programs. However, rodent adipocytes and human adipocytes demonstrate species-specific differences, and mature adipocytes differentiated from SVF cannot be expanded. Based on these limitations, ADSC can effectively serve as a source for human white fat cells, and donor-specific cell banks might be easy to establish. Soft tissue defects after trauma, burn injury, or surgery still remain a challenge in plastic and reconstructive surgery, and innovative therapies are needed. Adipose tissue engineering using ADSC subjected to adipogenic differentiation seems to be a highly promising approach  designed injectable poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid spheres, attached MSC after adipogenic differentiation on these spheres, and were successful in generating newly formed adipose tissue in nude mice.

Autologous ADSC therapy might also be used for the treatment of fistulas in patients suffering from Crohn disease. In a pilot study  on five patients with Crohn disease, the external opening of six of eight fistulas could be closed by inoculation of the fistulas with autologous lipoaspirate-derived ADSC. The results of this uncontrolled phase I clinical trial do not allow the demonstration of effectiveness but might give motivation to undertake in vivo studies with autologous ADSC in patients suffering from wound healing defects and fistulas.* k( N7 U" `. @! z& I2 S* k$ R

To date, artificial or biological implants suitable for the correction of soft tissue defects after trauma, tumor resection, or deep burns is lacking. In contrast to mature adipocytes, preadipocytes seem to have several characteristics that make them more suitable for this purpose than mature adipocytes. Morphologically, preadipocytes resemble fibroblasts, and they do not have large cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Since preadipocytes are smaller than mature adipocytes, they might allow a quicker revascularization after transplantation. Furthermore, transplanted preadipocytes maintain their ability to differentiate into mature adipose tissue in vivo, whereas the transplantation of mature adipocytes often gives poor results, such as oil cysts or transplant shrinkage. Preadipocytes have a significantly lower oxygen consumption than mature adipocytes , and this advantage in respiration and the better revascularization of undifferentiated adipose tissue cells might allow the future development of innovative transplants.

Chondrogenic/Osteogenic Differentiation
; k5 ]: E1 J) M! O/ p# |8 x; t% P
Since bone and cartilage tissue engineering requires large amounts of osteogenic/chondrogenic precursor cells, new sources of progenitor cells are needed. Compared with BMMSC, ADSC have the same ability for osteogenic differentiation, and this ability is maintained with increasing donor age , ADSC also had a inferior ability in the treatment of partial growth arrest in a murine experimental model compared with MSC derived from bone marrow or periosteum.! Y3 B& y" n* ?8 O! R1 K5 Y* ?

When ADSC were cultured in atelocollagen honeycomb-shaped scaffolds (three-dimensional culturing), osteogenic differentiation could be successfully triggered, as determined by alkaline phosphatase expression, osteocalcin secretion, and calcium phosphate deposition ., y7 i& q& W4 w  h
3 `$ _- \8 ^8 X6 G
Interestingly, MSC derived from synovial adipose tissue of joints exhibit a higher potential for chondrogenic differentiation (as determined by a higher STRO-1 and CD106 expression, a higher proliferation rate and colony-forming efficiency, and a higher amount of cartilage matrix production) than do MSC derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue . The molecular master regulators that allocate the ADSC to the chondrogenic lineage are widely unknown with a role for Brachyury, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, transforming growth factor ß3 (TGFß3), and Smad-1, -4, and -5.

BMP-6 strongly upregulates the expression of aggrecan-1 and 1 chain of collagen II  by inducing the expression of N-cadherin, FGF-receptor-2, and the transcription factor Sox-9.

Human .: O7 X8 m. k  S4 N4 L

BMP-2 is known to stimulate osteogenic differentiation . Therefore, inhibitors of histone deacetylase might be of future interest in bone engineering.

However, in addition to the specific differentiation factors, both the artificial extracellular matrix substitutes and the three-dimensional environment used for cell culture are critical for a successful chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Chitosan particle-agglomerated scaffolds, fibrin scaffolds, and ß-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds were reported to be suitable for ADSC-derived cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering .
, _& V, o0 r; \1 Z0 ]3 |3 k
Myogenic/Cardiomyogenic Differentiation3 C: ~: p- v9 q! y  {1 d

Cultured adipose tissue SVF cells have the potential for differentiation into a cardiomyocyte-like phenotype with specific cardiac marker gene expression and pacemaker activity . However, these data were obtained exclusively from animal models of murine origin and cannot be transferred into the human system.
. ]9 h/ X* `, U+ [1 ~6 N; A
Rodriguez et al. .1 \% h1 `( d1 \( D# Z1 G

Vascular/Endothelial Differentiation

Not only BMMSC but also ATMSC have the potential for endothelial differentiation  have already demonstrated an equal ability of ADSC compared with BMMSC in restoring the blood flow in these animals.

Neurogenic Differentiation! k9 k0 Y$ _/ S. e

Incubation of ADSC under neuroinductive conditions can create a cell population expressing the neuronal differentiation marker type III ß-tubulin , genetically engineered ADSC might function as vehicles for future therapeutic gene transfer to the brain. Although these results are encouraging, more detailed and confirmatory studies are necessary before speculating on the future clinical implications.) _+ O; `" f8 o9 }% R3 b
0 v2 b6 J( X2 |
Pancreatic/Endocrine Differentiation! {# k% C% g! B
) n' J" V4 Y: d3 P8 g+ [9 L
Timper et al.  were successful in differentiating human ADSC into cells with a pancreatic endocrine phenotype using the differentiation factors activin-A, exendin-4, HGF, and pentagastrin. The proliferating MSC expressed the pancreatic endocrine transcription factor Isl-1 and the pancreatic developmental transcription factors Pax-6, Ipf-1, and Ngn-3. Most importantly, the differentiated cells expressed the endocrine pancreatic hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. These cells might be used to establish cell-based therapies for type 1 diabetes mellitus in the future. However, confirmatory and functional studies have to be performed, and conclusions from these preliminary data have to be drawn very cautiously.

Hepatic Differentiation, E$ k& P, }( Q' x
- B- \# |$ K7 b
ADSC treated with HGF, oncostatin M (OSM), and dimethyl sulfoxide have the potential to develop a hepatocyte-like phenotype expressing albumin and -fetoprotein . Although the amount of available data is still low, these results should encourage basic research groups to extend these investigations.

Hematopoietic Differentiation/ H. Q2 T# t: B% S% y
4 Y- R6 z% C6 e1 `
Of course, ADSC cannot acquire the potential to undergo a complete hematopoietic differentiation program as do BMMSC. However, ADSC might support hematopoiesis in some way. Lethally irradiated mice can be reconstituted by cells isolated from adipose tissue .
- l7 ~6 Q4 `( |1 y
CONCLUSIONS" ?  h, X- g  p* U8 J) ?+ O7 L. Q

The easy and repeatable access to subcutaneous adipose tissue provides a clear advantage for the isolation of MSC, and both isolation and culture techniques are easy to perform. Compared with BMMSC, ADSC have an equal potential to differentiate into cells and tissues of mesodermal origin, such as adipocytes, cartilage, bone, and skeletal muscle. Based on this progress, several clinical implications for cell therapy and tissue engineering are highly promising. Although sparse data exist on ADSC differentiation into tissues of nonmesodermal origin, an initial effort has been made to differentiate ADSC into hepatocytes, endocrine pancreatic cells, neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and endothelial/vascular cells. Whereas the lineage-specific differentiation into cells of mesodermal origin is well understood on a molecular basis, the molecular key events and transcription factors that initially allocate the ADSC to a specific lineage are almost completely unknown. Decoding these molecular mechanisms is of great interest for a more effective development of novel cell therapies.2 `6 i4 W$ B8 {" n  k* U- m) a
8 P  s6 {6 s$ E# A7 j2 ]
DISCLOSURE OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors indicate no potential conflicts of interest.
  Y" U( v+ B& ^0 p5 s7 e: N% `" ~. t
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
; [$ {& \' ?7 D: j2 \# x( \
Review criteria: PubMed/Medline was searched for the terms and issues to be covered in this review. In addition, information from the Cochrane Library, National Center for Biotechnology Information nucleotide and protein database, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database, and patent specifications was used.; k7 V( ~  Y1 J9 O$ Y6 [
      【参考文献】

, H6 n7 O% G/ i, f9 J* _
Le Blanc K, Ringden O. Mesenchymal stem cells: Properties and role in clinical bone marrow transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol 2006;18:586¨C591.
+ W) M: Z5 Q7 f3 S2 I& C
Lin Y, Chen X, Yan Z et al. Multilineage differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells from GFP transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2006;285:69¨C78.

Barry FP, Murphy JM. Mesenchymal stem cells: Clinical applications and biological characterization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36:568¨C584., W% ^# f8 v- q9 i: ]
$ c7 m+ ]: q/ R7 h' H- ~; h
Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 1999;284:143¨C147.* x2 `7 F+ S/ d5 m9 Z+ p
/ D9 w1 d7 X6 a* Y: |
Franchini M. Mesenchymal stem cells: From biology to clinical applications
* h, g9 S+ ~9 y5 }2 Z
Wagner W, Wein F, Seckinger A et al. Comparative characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood. Exp Hematol 2005;33:1402¨C1416.

Kern S, Eichler H, Stoeve J et al. Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue. STEM CELLS 2006;24:1294¨C1301.$ o' Y! K0 A0 Z7 A* L
1 T3 [5 z4 x2 D. b6 N
Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M et al. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003;112:1796¨C1808.# T: Y( L* J1 d/ l
+ a# w8 \. \3 Z
Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003;112:1821¨C1830.

Caspar-Bauguil S, Cousin B, Galinier A et al. Adipose tissues as an ancestral immune organ: Site-specific change in obesity. FEBS Lett 2005;579:3487¨C3492.
0 v6 b* I/ m# C
Prunet-Marcassus B, Cousin B, Caton D et al. From heterogeneity to plasticity in adipose tissues: Site-specific differences. Exp Cell Res 2006;312:727¨C736.
3 d8 k3 K3 U( g* }
Casteilla L, Planat-Benard V, Cousin B et al. Plasticity of adipose tissue: A promising therapeutic avenue in the treatment of cardiovascular and blood diseases. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2005;98:922¨C926.
0 j$ N$ j2 n# J
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P et al. Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2002;13:4279¨C4295.4 P$ |% r2 ]: \2 j; J) @
: i$ f: O- ?/ f. p
Katz AJ, Tholpady A, Tholpady SS et al. Cell surface and transcriptional characterization of human adipose-derived adherent stromal (hADAS) cells. STEM CELLS 2005;23:412¨C423.$ k" X# d) Z" Q- r  u

Rodriguez AM, Elabd C, Amri EZ et al. The human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Biochimie 2005;87:125¨C128.

Oedayrajsingh-Varma M, van Ham S, Knippenberg M et al. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell yield and growth characteristics are affected by the tissue-harvesting procedure. Cytotherapy 2006;8:166¨C177.4 |8 z# g) ^+ a, E8 Q
2 {+ N9 H- m5 L* P5 x2 J
Izadpanah R, Trygg C, Patel B et al. Biologic properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue. J Cell Biochem 2006;99:1285¨C1297.- \9 \7 Q3 ?+ U$ Y6 o
7 n) o& X5 M2 q
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H et al. Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: Implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 2001;7:211¨C228.9 d; n+ x# \: P* `6 U/ d  W0 u

Dicker A, Le Blanc K, Astrom G et al. Functional studies of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult human adipose tissue. Exp Cell Res 2005;308:283¨C290.
( y8 j8 j9 s3 ^$ T- z& T$ ?* M
Lee RH, Kim B, Choi I et al. Characterization and expression analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow and adipose tissue. Cell Physiol Biochem 2004;14:311¨C324.

Urbich C, Dimmeler S. Endothelial progenitor cells functional characterization. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2004;14:318¨C322.
# C8 u$ }) ^9 b, E& X3 A% b$ m
Charri¨¨re G, Cousin B, Arnaud E et al. Preadipocyte conversion to macrophage. Evidence of plasticity. J Biol Chem 2003;278:9850¨C9855.$ K, F+ o* _8 X4 @; H# T: y

Musina RA, Bekchanova ES, Sukhikh GT. Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from different human tissues. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005;139:504¨C509.
% q& l$ e3 d, F. q; Z$ i* A
Xu Y, Malladi P, Wagner DR et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells as a potential cell source for skeletal regeneration. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2005;7:300¨C305.
6 p' e" O% Z, C' N+ o8 s
Smith P, Adams WP Jr, Lipschitz AH et al. Autologous human fat grafting: Effect of harvesting and preparation techniques on adipocyte graft survival. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117:1836¨C1844.

Peptan IA, Hong L, Mao JJ. Comparison of osteogenic potentials of visceral and subcutaneous adipose-derived cells of rabbits. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117:1462¨C1470.! N6 _; c% ?3 D/ n4 B

Flynn TC. Does transferred fat retain properties of its site of origin? Dermatol Surg 2006;32:405¨C406.
! |# D" ]1 c, l8 L
De Ugarte DA, Morizono K, Elbarbary A et al. Comparison of multi-lineage cells from human adipose tissue and bone marrow. Cells Tissues Organs 2003;174:101¨C109.
3 J' d$ e; G# d; ?6 ~
Shi YY, Nacamuli RP, Salim A et al. The osteogenic potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal cells is maintained with aging. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;116:1686¨C1696.- H. E! l8 L8 _0 W. H$ C
7 D" M8 n5 s8 K
Pu LL, Cui X, Fink BF et al. The viability of fatty tissues within adipose aspirates after conventional liposuction: A comprehensive study. Ann Plast Surg 2005;54:288¨C292.4 l% b  ~( M% D3 ]/ I; S

Pu LL, Cui X, Fink BF et al. Adipose aspirates as a source for human processed lipoaspirate cells after optimal cryopreservation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117:1845¨C1850.8 R2 l5 D: m+ w/ O6 \4 f( z8 d  u$ ?

Nakagami H, Morishita R, Maeda K et al. Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells as a novel option for regenerative cell therapy. J Atheroscler Thromb 2006;13:77¨C81.3 V# ~+ K- v/ N6 u  N: F( S2 ]
% q' T# N/ |  a; S1 ?
Lin TM, Tsai JL, Lin SD et al. Accelerated growth and prolonged lifespan of adipose tissue-derived human mesenchymal stem cells in a medium using reduced calcium and antioxidants. Stem Cells Dev 2005;14:92¨C102.

Chiou M, Xu Y, Longaker MT. Mitogenic and chondrogenic effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 in adipose-derived mesenchymal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;343:644¨C652.
- V. D$ J$ T0 `: x7 i$ }( ^
Jeon ES, Song HY, Kim MR et al. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells via activation of JNK. J Lipid Res 2006;47:653¨C664.

Kang YJ, Jeon ES, Song HY et al. Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2005;95:1135¨C1145.

Song HY, Jeon ES, Jung JS et al. Oncostatin M induces proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005;37:2357¨C2365.  d7 ^7 f  P2 r

Zaragosi LE, Ailhaud G, Dani C. Autocrine fibroblast growth factor 2 signaling is critical for self-renewal of human multipotent adipose-derived stem cells. STEM CELLS 2006;24:2412¨C2419.; d* u" W' Q* O" H6 _- A/ w7 O& [

Jun ES, Lee TH, Cho HH et al. Expression of telomerase extends longevity and enhances differentiation in human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2004;14:261¨C268.* p$ O; A6 w- E) f9 H
7 h7 {8 `, {  b0 \
Wang M, Crisostomo P, Herring C et al. Human progenitor cells from bone marrow or adipose tissue produce VEGF, HGF and IGF-1 in response to TNF by a p38 mitogen activated protein kinase dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006;291:R880¨CR884.
4 k$ p3 L* n% [; K% G
Gronthos S, Franklin DM, Leddy HA et al. Surface protein characterization of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. J Cell Physiol 2001;189:54¨C63.

Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2006;8:315¨C317.3 y* U; v# [' F5 B# s1 e
2 o+ i4 r( l1 T$ p; [6 T' o
Nakagami H, Maeda K, Morishita R et al. Novel autologous cell therapy in ischemic limb disease through growth factor secretion by cultured adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:2542¨C2547.1 R( V: I$ B& G) N) i/ m8 j$ m( y
3 W: e5 i8 i; A6 d  q- h; ?
Sengen¨¨s C, Lolmede K, Zakaroff-Girard A et al. Preadipocytes in the human subcutaneous adipose tissue display distinct features from the adult mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2005;205:114¨C122.! X, I) c: D  c* H

Mitchell JB, McIntosh K, Zvonic S et al. Immunophenotype of human adipose-derived cells: Temporal changes in stromal-associated and stem cell-associated markers. STEM CELLS 2006;24:376¨C385.; L7 F% L, E9 Q

Puissant B, Barreau C, Bourin P et al. Immunomodulatory effect of human adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells: Comparison with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Br J Haematol 2005;129:118¨C129.
9 v1 [6 B, N* Y1 A5 U2 p8 o# }, {
Rosen ED. The molecular control of adipogenesis, with special reference to lymphatic pathology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;979:143¨C158 discussion 188¨C96.5 n2 S7 g8 K2 k, h

Sch&auml;ffler A, M¨¹ller-Ladner U, Sch&ouml;lmerich J et al. Role of adipose tissue as an inflammatory organ in human diseases. Endocr Rev 2006;27:449¨C467.' [1 O' Y" x: [( P) L

Lane MD, Tang QQ. From multipotent stem cell to adipocyte. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2005;73:476¨C477.$ ~: H! R8 L) |0 U9 B  M

Charg¨¦ SB, Rudnicki MA. Cellular and molecular regulation of muscle regeneration. Physiol Rev 2004;84:209¨C238.

Brand-Saberi B. Genetic and epigenetic control of skeletal muscle development. Ann Anat 2005;187:199¨C207.' X) u8 Q! t3 c; F8 P

Tajbakhsh S. Skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells: Reconciling genetics and lineage. Exp Cell Res 2005;306:364¨C372.$ B  i' a$ A! X- R- j
2 q! `4 D9 S% W5 N2 ^' s# p" Y, F( q
Otto WR, Rao J. Tomorrow's skeleton staff: Mesenchymal stem cells and the repair of bone and cartilage. Cell Prolif 2004;37:97¨C110.

Lian JB, Javed A, Zaidi SK et al. Regulatory controls for osteoblast growth and differentiation: Role of Runx/Cbfa/AML factors. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2004;14:1¨C41.( l/ O1 |: w% G% `) X
0 u6 ~5 Q1 `7 o- u6 y: B& |  U3 ]
Dani C. Embryonic stem cell-derived adipogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs 1999;165:173¨C180.+ S: j; R  V- y* d9 _

Hong JH, Hwang ES, McManus MT et al. TAZ, a transcriptional modulator of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Science 2005;309:1074¨C1078.  O  f  P# K" h5 ^

Hong JH, Yaffe MB. TAZ: A beta-catenin-like molecule that regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Cell Cycle 2006;5:176¨C179.
6 `- ?& c/ ]. C: j0 b+ B
Cho HH, Kim YJ, Kim SJ et al. Endogenous Wnt signaling promotes proliferation and suppresses osteogenic differentiation in human adipose derived stromal cells. Tissue Eng 2006;12:111¨C121.
% y; B" Z: F5 r9 F& Y
Choi YS, Park SN, Suh H. Adipose tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells attached to injectable PLGA spheres. Biomaterials 2005;26:5855¨C5863.& H/ m" e" z3 U. S$ W3 f* w- ]

Garc¨ªa-Olmo D, Garcia-Arranz M, Herreros D et al. A phase I clinical trial of the treatment of Crohn's fistula by adipose mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:1416¨C1423./ z9 p: l6 B5 V6 t# K

von Heimburg D, Hemmrich K, Zachariah S et al. Oxygen consumption in undifferentiated versus differentiated adipogenic mesenchymal precursor cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005;146:107¨C116.) o# ]2 C1 ]1 A( b$ N! q) z

Im GI, Shin YW, Lee KB. Do adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells have the same osteogenic and chondrogenic potential as bone marrow-derived cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005;13:845¨C853.
  s& n2 e3 Q& v8 ^3 q8 a! q; `
Hui JH, Li L, Teo YH et al. Comparative study of the ability of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, periosteum, and adipose tissue in treatment of partial growth arrest in rabbit. Tissue Eng 2005;11:904¨C912.
' \% B$ N6 ^! `( i# C4 L$ L; f* {
Hattori H, Sato M, Masuoka K et al. Osteogenic potential of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells as an alternative stem cell source. Cells Tissues Organs 2004;178:2¨C12.# m' j" x! X  ]0 T( [) X+ I

Jaiswal RK, Jaiswal N, Bruder SP et al. Adult human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to the osteogenic or adipogenic lineage is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2000;275:9645¨C9652.2 M5 t2 ]/ G4 X

Erickson GR, Gimble JM, Franklin DM et al. Chondrogenic potential of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;290:763¨C769.

Mochizuki T, Muneta T, Sakaguchi Y et al. Higher chondrogenic potential of fibrous synovium- and adipose synovium-derived cells compared with subcutaneous fat-derived cells: Distinguishing properties of mesenchymal stem cells in humans. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:843¨C853.4 Z% E9 G' s1 d6 r  a0 k8 o5 E
8 z) y( }; V( m0 {0 K! Q
Estes BT, Wu AW, Guilak F. Potent induction of chondrocytic differentiation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells by bone morphogenetic protein 6. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:1222¨C1232.7 ^, m' e9 H$ w  l' J7 a

Nishihara A, Fujii M, Sampath TK et al. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in articular chondrocyte differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;301:617¨C622.# S" ~0 I1 u/ q: |3 _- T* c
! ?$ R! {' m; ]3 H' g2 D9 f$ v
Klein-Nulend J, Louwerse RT, Heyligers IC et al. Osteogenic protein (OP-1, BMP-7) stimulates cartilage differentiation of human and goat perichondrium tissue in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res 1998;40:614¨C620.
* O4 {, m( Y( }. u' s& i- z: W+ X
Knippenberg M, Helder MN, Zandieh Doulabi B et al. Osteogenesis versus chondrogenesis by BMP-2 and BMP-7 in adipose stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;342:902¨C908.
! y( g  a9 ~2 x( i, s, W: U% x
Halvorsen YD, Franklin D, Bond AL et al. Extracellular matrix mineralization and osteoblast gene expression by human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Tissue Eng 2001;7:729¨C741.% u* S! \; a" V
! n: Q0 j6 T. E  \3 ]0 m
Tjabringa GS, Vezeridis PS, Zandieh-Doulabi B et al. Polyamines modulate nitric oxide production and COX-2 gene expression in response to mechanical loading in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. STEM CELLS 2006;24:2262¨C2269.

Hattori H, Ishihara M, Fukuda T et al. Establishment of a novel method for enriching osteoblast progenitors from adipose tissues using a difference in cell adhesive properties. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;343:1118¨C1123.8 w  t( y1 R+ \3 X
3 s1 F: n9 L- |5 L3 y8 S  M
Knippenberg M, Helder MN, Doulabi BZ et al. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells acquire bone cell-like responsiveness to fluid shear stress on osteogenic stimulation. Tissue Eng 2005;11:1780¨C1788.
2 ~3 h) Q8 @/ D- i0 {1 ]( r! s6 K
Li RH, Wozney JM. Delivering on the promise of bone morphogenetic proteins. Trends Biotechnol 2001;19:255¨C265.7 U( L) E/ s! ]! Z

Dragoo JL, Choi JY, Lieberman JR et al. Bone induction by BMP-2 transduced stem cells derived from human fat. J Orthop Res 2003;21:622¨C629.* p. n& N% B4 e# _

Ryoo HM, Lee MH, Kim YJ. Critical molecular switches involved in BMP-2-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells. Gene 2006;366:51¨C57.

Peterson B, Zhang J, Iglesias R et al. Healing of critically sized femoral defects, using genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue. Tissue Eng 2005;11:120¨C129.

Lee HS, Cho HH, Kim HK et al. Tbx3, a transcriptional factor, involves in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stromal cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; in press.0 @( V0 l, O" o  U9 h# j

Quarto N, Longaker MT. FGF-2 inhibits osteogenesis in mouse adipose tissue-derived stromal cells and sustains their proliferative and osteogenic potential state. Tissue Eng 2006;12:1405¨C1418.
' d; B' _/ C+ v! W* O6 Y. h& @0 K
Cho HH, Park HT, Kim YJ et al. Induction of osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells by histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Cell Biochem 2005;96:533¨C542.

B Malafaya PP, Pedro AJ, Peterbauer A et al. Chitosan particles agglomerated scaffolds for cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering approaches with adipose tissue derived stem cells. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2005;16:1077¨C1085.

Hattori H, Masuoka K, Sato M et al. Bone formation using human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells and a biodegradable scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006;76:230¨C239.

Planat-B¨¦nard V, Menard C, Andre M et al. Spontaneous cardiomyocyte differentiation from adipose tissue stroma cells. Circ Res 2004;94:223¨C229.
# N; b7 u2 N- _. [. D5 \
Miyahara Y, Nagaya N, Kataoka M et al. Monolayered mesenchymal stem cells repair scarred myocardium after myocardial infarction. Nat Med 2006;12:459¨C465.
; A: a2 U" ?- m. j9 j( {" \
Strem BM, Zhu M, Alfonso Z et al. Expression of cardiomyocytic markers on adipose tissue-derived cells in a murine model of acute myocardial injury. Cytotherapy 2005;7:282¨C291.4 w) _/ ?, P% v( }

Yamada Y, Wang XD, Yokoyama S et al. Cardiac progenitor cells in brown adipose tissue repaired damaged myocardium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;342:662¨C670.: g, m5 A' [: n8 H5 H3 C& K
9 W" G9 p6 A& d
Rodriguez AM, Pisani D, Dechesne CA et al. Transplantation of a multipotent cell population from human adipose tissue induces dystrophin expression in the immunocompetent mdx mouse. J Exp Med 2005;201:1397¨C1405.

Di Rocco G, Iachininoto MG, Tritarelli A et al. Myogenic potential of adipose-tissue-derived cells. J Cell Sci 2006;119:2945¨C2952.

Lee JH, Kemp DM. Human adipose-derived stem cells display myogenic potential and perturbed function in hypoxic conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;341:882¨C888." ^0 H+ ~' s. a" m+ I8 N
7 p0 S( m( v, f9 E
Planat-Benard V, Silvestre JS, Cousin B et al. Plasticity of human adipose lineage cells toward endothelial cells: Physiological and therapeutic perspectives. Circulation 2004;109:656¨C663.% k, y  p8 o3 d* C3 c. r5 X6 N% T

Moon MH, Kim SY, Kim YJ et al. Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve postnatal neovascularization in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. Cell Physiol Biochem 2006;17:279¨C290.* j% P1 v: S% ?' \3 [
) w, _" P& v4 H6 r# P
Rehman J, Traktuev D, Li J et al. Secretion of angiogenic and antiapoptotic factors by human adipose stromal cells. Circulation 2004;109:1292¨C1298.
# h  }7 X6 L# s4 @* |
Cao Y, Sun Z, Liao L et al. Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro and improve postnatal neovascularization in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;332:370¨C379.7 h$ q( `+ V9 j7 ^
* |" l, w( ]3 k" k
Miranville A, Heeschen C, Sengenes C et al. Improvement of postnatal neovascularization by human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Circulation 2004;110:349¨C355.

Romanov YA, Darevskaya AN, Merzlikina NV et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow and adipose tissue: Isolation, characterization, and differentiation potentialities. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005;140:138¨C143.# z( Q& ]# X( _/ q$ \
3 q5 j$ h( f0 ], \* F* t6 e  C
Safford KM, Hicok KC, Safford SD et al. Neurogenic differentiation of murine and human adipose-derived stromal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002;294:371¨C379.
* \1 j0 X+ w) y' ]  I* |
Kang SK, Lee DH, Bae YC et al. Improvement of neurological deficits by intracerebral transplantation of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells after cerebral ischemia in rats. Exp Neurol 2003;183:355¨C366.7 _' I* v. N; p% \0 f9 y7 C9 d( `2 t& n

Timper K, Seboek D, Eberhardt M et al. Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon expressing cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;341:1135¨C1140.# ?. i# F+ }2 Q7 @" I' s. t
+ q; Q" H* e" M
Seo MJ, Suh SY, Bae YC et al. Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells into hepatic lineage in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;328:258¨C264.. Z; `$ j- Z5 P4 u) g! o
" g  E! ^( c+ b: D$ P
Kim DH, Je CM, Sin JY et al. Effect of partial hepatectomy on in vivo engraftment after intravenous administration of human adipose tissue stromal cells in mouse. Microsurgery 2003;23:424¨C431.) H6 C! }4 Z  u! q. l3 |

Corre J, Barreau C, Cousin B et al. Human subcutaneous adipose cells support complete differentiation but not self-renewal of hematopoietic progenitors. J Cell Physiol 2006;208:282¨C288.( t6 `- f) H( ]0 }4 w4 t( J  F

Fang B, Song YP, Liao LM et al. Treatment of severe therapy-resistant acute graft-versus-host disease with human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006;38:389¨C390.6 x6 u" V* l2 `( D9 l+ d% K

Yanez R, Lamana ML, Garcia-Castro J et al. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells have in vivo immunosuppressive properties applicable for the control of the graft-versus-host disease. STEM CELLS 2006;24:2582¨C2591.

收藏0 分享0 顶0 踩0