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On December 15, 2014, Patrick Soon Shiong, the richest physician in the world, acquired 19.9% of Sorrento Therapeutics (NASDAQ: SRNE)’s equity at $5.80 per share (about 41.7 million). Four days later, Sorrento and Conkwest announced an agreement to co-develop CAR-NK immunotherapy. Sorrento’s stock price reached a high of $11.38 on January 15, 2015.# P& }* h7 A' `) n1 ?2 C
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CAR-T cell immunotherapy has been regarded as one of the most compelling breakthroughs in cancer treatment in recent years. Companies working on CAR-T (e.g., JUNO, KITE, BLCM, BLUE, ZIOP) are red hot at present. Sorrento/Conkwest is developing CAR-expressing NK cells rather than T cells to kill cancer cells. How about CAR-TNK compares to CAR-T?
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Here is a comparison published in OncoImmunology[1]. The author, Hans Klingemann, is the inventor of the NK-92 cell line and co-founded ZelleRx in 2002, which was renamed Conkwest in 2010. CAR-NK has many several advantages over CAR-T:8 S* x* r+ U+ s) ^. u) L7 m6 C, ]3 r$ w
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(1) CAR-NK cells don’t produce IL-6 which is associated with the cytokine release syndrome. A series of patient deaths in the trials of CAR-T were linked to unusually high levels of IL-6.. N% S$ y# U# Q$ r$ Z. Q
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(2) CAR-NK cells disappear relatively rapidly from the circulation owing to their limited lifespan. There is no concern about persisting CAR-associated side effects. Whereas Juno Therapeutics has to insert EGFRt gene into the CAR-T cells to control them.
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(3) NK cells are known as serial killers which diligently moves from one target to the next one, killing on as many as 7-10 cells.& q- i' g# }" }0 d# n
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(4) The transfection efficiency of NK-92 cells is about 50%, even with non-viral methods. Avoiding viral vectors eliminates the risks of oncogene activation and insertional mutagenesis.
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(5) CAR-NK cells can also be produced in large scaleunder GMP conditions. Moerover, it may be used in the setting of allogeneic transplantation.! K, J- l$ ?' R V: q3 s) T1 h3 J
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Naturally, only about 10% of circulating lymphocytes are NK cells. The activation of NK cells is determined by the balance of inhibitory and activating receptor stimulation. MHC class I molecules in normal cells inhibit the activation of NK cells.8 L- ^% d& k$ d! Q$ F# k! P- y
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Natural NK cells do not express antigen specific receptors. Can CAR-NK cells equipped with an antigen specific receptor kill cancer cells as effectively as CAR-T cells? Hard to say.
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* ~5 X5 j: q5 vPreclinical studies in leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma have been reported. For instance, treatment with anti-CS1 CAR-NK cells prolonged the survival of multiple myeloma mice from 40 days to 50 days[2].. { _$ v" Y! }$ c
" C: U D/ P; v- ]7 oSorrento intends to develop anti-CD19, anti-PDL1, anti-PSMA, and anti-CD123 CAR-NK cells. It is expected to initiate Phase I trials in 2016.
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( W9 V' l6 e! @[1] Oncoimmunology. 2014, 3, e28147. doi: 10.4161/onci.28147.
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9 p# X, m$ r3 o. H* `8 |: D+ `5 n/ C7 tWhat are the next generation T cell immunotherapies |
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发表于 2015-11-11 10:59
