Phosphorylation by Cdk1 induces Plk1-mediated vimentin phosphorylation during mi - 《JCB》细胞生物学杂志干细胞之家



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1 Division of Biochemistry, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Aichi 464-8681, Japan9 i0 q  s! c; Q0 K
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2 Department of Dermatology, Mie University Faculty of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan" Z  M# F3 S* I; p# f& C$ m

3 Department of Cell Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 350-8550, Japan

AbstractSeveral kinases phosphorylate vimentin, the most common intermediate filament protein, in mitosis. Aurora-B and Rho-kinase regulate vimentin filament separation through the cleavage furrow-specific vimentin phosphorylation. Cdk1 also phosphorylates vimentin from prometaphase to metaphase, but its significance has remained unknown. Here we demonstrated a direct interaction between Plk1 and vimentin-Ser55 phosphorylated by Cdk1, an event that led to Plk1 activation and further vimentin phosphorylation. Plk1 phosphorylated vimentin at 1 mol phosphate/mol substrate, which partly inhibited its filament forming ability, in vitro. Plk1 induced the phosphorylation of vimentin-Ser82, which was elevated from metaphase and maintained until the end of mitosis. This elevation followed the Cdk1-induced vimentin-Ser55 phosphorylation, and was impaired by Plk1 depletion. Mutational analyses revealed that Plk1-induced vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation plays an important role in vimentin filaments segregation, coordinately with Rho-kinase and Aurora-B. Taken together, these results indicated a novel mechanism that Cdk1 regulated mitotic vimentin phosphorylation via not only a direct enzyme reaction but also Plk1 recruitment to vimentin.; y+ h2 s+ n# X
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Abbreviations used in this paper: CBB, Coomassie brilliant blue; IF, intermediate filament; PBD, Polo-box domain; Plk1, Polo-like kinase 1; PP1, protein phosphatase 1; pS, phosphoserine; pT, phosphothreonine; siRNA, small interference RNA; WT, wild type.  x2 s& H$ a" u4 [: `/ W
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IntroductionMitosis is the fundamental process by which cellular contents are segregated into two daughter cells. Protein phosphorylation is responsible not only for the initiation of mitosis but also for mitotic morphological changes including the rearrangements of three major cytoskeletons (Nigg, 2001). These changes are regulated not only by Cdk1 but also additional kinases such as orthologs of fly Polo (Barr et al., 2004) or Aurora (Carmena and Earnshaw, 2003) or fungus NIMA (Nigg, 2001). For example, Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) participates in several events including centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle formation, and chromosome segregation (Barr et al., 2004).
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Intermediate filaments (IFs) are one of the three major cytoskeletal networks, together with actin filaments and microtubules. Vimentin is the most abundant IF protein expressed in mesenchymal cells and in a variety of cultured cells and tumors (Fuchs and Weber, 1994; Chang and Goldman, 2004). IFs are dramatically reorganized during mitosis, and this reorganization is considered to be controlled by IF protein phosphorylation (Inagaki et al., 1987, 1996). For example, Cdk1 phosphorylates vimentin from prometaphase to metaphase (Tsujimura et al., 1994). On the other hand, Aurora-B (Goto et al., 2003) and Rho-kinase (Goto et al., 1998) phosphorylate vimentin specifically at the cleavage furrow from anaphase to the end of mitosis. Mutational studies revealed that efficient IF separation largely depends on Aurora-B and Rho-kinase activity (Yasui et al., 2001; Goto et al., 2003). However, there is little information on the significance of vimentin phosphorylation by Cdk1 (Yasui et al., 2001).
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In the present study, we present a novel mechanism indicating that Cdk1 governs mitotic vimentin phosphorylation not only by a direct enzyme–substrate reaction but also through Plk1 recruitment to Cdk1 induced vimentin phosphorylation. This event then induces Plk1 activation and further vimentin phosphorylation.

Results and discussionPlk1 can bind to vimentin phosphorylated by Cdk1Vimentin phosphorylation is spatiotemporally regulated by several kinases during mitosis (Inagaki et al., 1996). Fig. 1 A shows mitotic vimentin phosphorylation at Ser55, Ser71, and Ser72, which were identified as phosphorylation sites specific to Cdk1 (Chou et al., 1991; Kusubata et al., 1992), Rho-kinase (Goto et al., 1998), and Aurora-B (Goto et al., 2003), respectively. Cdk1 phosphorylates vimentin from prometaphase to metaphase, and this phosphorylation occurs throughout the cytoplasm (Tsujimura et al., 1994). On the other hand, Rho-kinase and Aurora-B coordinately regulate the cleavage furrow-specific vimentin phosphorylation from anaphase to cytokinesis (Goto et al., 1998, 2003; Yasui et al., 2001). Vimentin mutation at Rho-kinase and Aurora-B phosphorylation sites induced the formation of IF bridges (50% of postmitotic cells; Fig. 1 B) between two daughter cells (Yasui et al., 2001; Goto et al., 2003). However, vimentin filament segregation appeared to occur successfully in most of the cells expressing vimentin mutated at Cdk1 phosphorylation sites (Fig. 1 B), although 3–5% of postmitotic cells showed the IF bridge phenotype (Yasui et al., 2001). Thus, the significance of vimentin phosphorylation by Cdk1 remained unknown.' y, [, k7 w7 G! F2 Z  ]

Plk1 was reported to bind to a phosphoserine (pS)- or phosphothreonine (pT)-containing peptide through its polo-box domain (PBD; Elia et al., 2003a). To examine whether Plk1 interacts with vimentin phosphorylated by Cdk1, vimentin phosphorylated by Cdk1 was subjected to Far Western analysis using GST-PBD proteins. Fig. 1 C shows that GST-PBD wild type (WT) directly interacted with vimentin phosphorylated by Cdk1, but not with nonphosphorylated vimentin. This phenomenon was not observed in the case of GST-PBD-HK538/540AA, which cannot bind phosphoproteins (Elia et al., 2003b), suggesting specific binding between PBD and vimentin phosphorylated by Cdk1 (Fig. 1 C). Next, we examined the phosphorylation site essential for this interaction. Because Ser41 and Ser55 on vimentin were reported to be phosphorylated by Cdk1 (Chou et al., 1991; Kusubata et al., 1992), we did a competition assay using PV55, PV41 (corresponding to vimentin phosphorylated at Ser55 or Ser41, respectively), V55 peptide (corresponding to vimentin unphosphorylated at Ser55; Tsujimura et al., 1994), or EV55 peptide (corresponding to vimentin in which Ser55 is changed to Glu). As shown in Fig. 1 D, binding to vimentin was inhibited by preincubation of GST-PBD-WT with PV55, but not with TBS (control), V55, EV55, or PV41: with regard to Plk1 binding to vimentin, Ser55 mutation to Glu did not mimic Ser55 phosphorylation. PV55 phosphopeptide contains Ser-pSer-Pro reported to be a preferred consensus sequence for a Plk1-binding motif (Elia et al., 2003a). GST pull-down assay revealed that PBD-WT bound to vimentin-Ser55 phosphorylated in mitotic cell extract but not nonphosphorylated vimentin in interphase extract (Fig. 1 E). Thus, these results indicated that Plk1 may directly bind to vimentin-Ser55 phosphorylated by Cdk1.5 ?: Y& }* C' {8 k" j6 u

The binding of vimentin phosphorylated by Cdk1 stimulates the catalytic activity of Plk1, and induces further vimentin phosphorylationThe above specific binding led us to examine its effect on the catalytic activity of Plk1. First, we used casein as a control substrate. As shown in Fig. 2, A and B, the preincubation of Plk1 with PV55 increased its kinase activity toward casein about three times over that without peptide. However, only marginal stimulation was observed in the case of V55 or PV41, confirming the peptide specificity of the Plk1 activation (Fig. 2 A).' ^. v6 t4 y# a5 H' R$ G
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To determine if a similar Plk1 activation also occurred in the context of a full-length protein, vimentin was preincubated with or without Cdk1 in the absence of radioactive ATP and then incubated with or without Plk1 in the presence of radioactive ATP. Plk1 phosphorylated vimentin pretreated with Cdk1 approximately five times more than without Cdk1 (Fig. 2, C and D). Our observations suggest that Plk1 binding to phosphorylated vimentin-Ser55 induces Plk1 activation and further vimentin phosphorylation.
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Plk1 phosphorylates vimentin at Ser82, which partly inhibits the filament forming ability of vimentinWe next examined whether vimentin is a good substrate for Plk1. Vimentin was phosphorylated by GST-Plk1-WT, but not by -K82R (Fig. 3 A): the phosphorylation level increased in a time-dependent manner and reached 1 mol of phosphate/mol of protein at 120 min (Fig. 3 C). Immunological analyses revealed that Plk1 phosphorylated Ser82, but not Ser6, Ser28, Ser33, Ser38, Ser50, Ser55, Ser71, and Ser72 on vimentin in vitro (Fig. 3 A). In addition, Ser82 phosphorylation was observed in COS-7 cells expressing Plk1 T210D (a constitutively active mutant) but not K82R (Fig. 3 B). These observations suggested that Plk1 induced vimentin phosphorylation at Ser82 likely through a direct enzyme–substrate reaction.

To examine the effect of vimentin phosphorylation by Plk1 on vimentin filament forming ability, soluble vimentin was treated with or without Plk1 and then incubated under conditions favoring polymerization. After incubation, each sample was separated into supernatant and pellet fractions by centrifugation. Plk1 treatment partly inhibited the filament forming ability of vimentin, so that some Plk1-treated vimentin was recovered from the supernatant fraction (Fig. 3 D). Although the amounts of Plk1-treated vimentin in the supernatant fraction were smaller that those in the pellet fraction, there was little difference in the MO82 immunoreactivity between these two fractions (Fig. 3 D), indicating that most of the Ser82-phosphorylated vimentin had lost its filament forming ability in vitro.4 G- {3 R+ ]3 h0 f4 E9 a/ ]

Vimentin phosphorylation motif for Plk1The consensus Plk1 phosphorylation motif was reported to be D/E-X-pS/pT--X-D/E (; a hydrophobic amino acid) in which the  3 position is preferred but not essential for kinase recognition (Nakajima et al., 2003). Because the vimentin sequence around Ser82 did not completely match the above consensus (Fig. 3 E), we examined which amino acid(s) surrounding Ser82 are important for Plk1 phosphorylation, using synthetic vimentin peptides (residues 76–85) in which each amino acid was changed to Ala (Fig. 3 E). Compared with WT sequence, the substitution of Asp81 (81DA) or Val83 (83VA) strongly reduced peptide phosphorylation, but the substitution of Asp84 (84DA) increased the phosphorylation (Fig. 3 F). These results suggest that the position of an acidic amino acid is important for vimentin phosphorylation by Plk1: Asp at the –1 position is required for Plk1 phosphorylation, but Asp at the  2 position has an inhibitory effect. In addition, a hydrophobic amino acid at the  1 position is essential for Plk1 recognition, in line with the report by Nakajima et al. (2003).

Plk1 regulates the elevation of vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation, which follows vimentin-Ser55 phosphorylation by Cdk1, in mitosisWe investigated the temporal and spatial distribution of vimentin-Ser55 and vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation at each stage of mitosis. As shown in Fig. 4, A and B, Ser55 phosphorylation occurred from prometaphase to metaphase, as reported previously (Tsujimura et al., 1994). Although Ser82 phosphorylation was weakly observed even in interphase, the elevation of Ser82 phosphorylation occurred from metaphase (from prometaphase in some cells) and was maintained until the end of mitosis. These results indicated that the elevation of vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation occurred just after the initiation of vimentin-Ser55 phosphorylation by Cdk1.! m  r! [$ h" C9 V
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To examine the relationship between Ser55 and Ser82 phosphorylation, we transfected T24 cells with vimentin WT or its mutant in which Ser55 is changed into Ala (S55A). 48 h after transfection, the level of Ser82 phosphorylation significantly reduced in cells expressing S55A, compared with WT (Fig. 4, C and D). These results suggested that Ser55 phosphorylation plays an important role in mitotic elevation of Ser82 phosphorylation.
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To examine whether Plk1 regulates vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation, we depleted endogenous Plk1 using small interference RNA (siRNA), as reported previously (Liu and Erikson, 2002). 48 h after transfection, Plk1 expression was significantly reduced in Plk1 siRNA–treated cells compared with control cells, although no significant difference was observed in vimentin expression (Fig. 4 F). Plk1 depletion diminished vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation in mitosis but not in interphase, whereas no significant reduction was observed in the level of vimentin-Ser55 phosphorylation (Fig. 4, E and F). These results suggested that Plk1 regulates the mitotic elevation of vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation." }' t+ {- I7 ?  K% d

Effects of vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation by Plk1 on cytokinesisWe constructed a mutant vimentin in which Ser82 is changed to Glu (S82E), which is assumed to mimic Ser82 phosphorylation. Exogenous WT expression induced the formation of a filamentous IF network in T24 cells (expressing no endogenous vimentin), similar to the network observed in cells expressing endogenous vimentin (Fig. 5 A). On the other hand, S82E mutant no longer formed a clear filamentous IF network: instead, the dot-like IF structures and short filaments were distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm. Together with in vitro data (Fig. 3 D), these results indicated that Plk1, as well as Aurora-B and Rho-kinase, may participate in the reorganization of vimentin filaments through vimentin phosphorylation.

To investigate the significance of vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation in mitosis, we constructed a series of mutant vimentin in which phosphorylation site(s) are changed to Ala, and transfected then with T24 (type III IF–deficient) cells (Fig. 5 B). IF bridge and multinuclear phenotype were frequently observed in cells expressing vimentin with mutations in Rho-kinase and Aurora-B sites (52.6 ± 2.6%) as compared with WT (2.1 ± 0.5%): this observation was consistent with our previous reports (Goto et al., 2003). Additional Ser82 mutation showed synergistic effects (63.3 ± 3.3%) in the IF bridge formation and multinucleate cell, although single mutation at Ser82 showed a little effect (S82A; 4.86 ± 0.9%, Fig. 5 B). These mutational analyses revealed that Plk1 might play important roles in the correct separation of vimentin filaments, together with Rho-kinase and Aurora-B.) d# c: N; t8 H. }8 x0 `

We propose that Cdk1 phosphorylation induces Plk1-mediated reorganization of vimentin filaments (Fig. 5 C). According to our model, Cdk1 phosphorylates vimentin at Ser55 from prometaphase to metaphase (step 1), then, Plk1 is recruited to phosphoSer55 on vimentin via its PBD (step 2). The binding of the PBD to phosphorylated vimentin-Ser55 serves to increase not only the catalytic activity of Plk1 but also the accessibility of the activated Plk1 to vimentin (Fig. 2). This mechanism facilitates vimentin phosphorylation at Ser82 by Plk1 (step 3), and explains why Ser82 phosphorylation is elevated just after the initiation of Ser55 phosphorylation (Fig. 4 A). At anaphase, Plk1 binding to vimentin may be diminished by the reduction of vimentin-Ser55 phosphorylation (Fig. 4 A). However, the elevation of Ser82 phosphorylation appears to continue until the end of mitosis (Fig. 4 A). We consider that this retention may relate to resistance to the activity of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), which was reported to be a vimentin phosphatase (Inada et al., 1999). Interestingly, phosphoSer82 on vimentin was relatively insensitive to PP1 in vitro, and the stimulation of a calcium signaling pathway in primary glia cells resulted in a sustained increase of vimentin-Ser82 phosphorylation (unpublished data). So, phosphoSer82 on vimentin may hardly be dephosphorylated by PP1 in mitosis. This sustained Ser82 phosphorylation by Plk1 may play some roles in the efficient segregation of vimentin filaments, although Rho-kinase and Aurora-B may play greater roles.( N* |* t' s+ K1 S+ `2 F
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This study demonstrates a novel mechanism indicating that Cdk1 controls vimentin phosphorylation not only by a direct reaction but also through Plk1 recruitment to vimentin. The crosstalk between Cdk1 and Plk1 signaling opens a new field to study mechanisms of mitotic regulation.

Materials and methodsMaterialsRecombinant mouse vimentin (Ogawara et al., 1995; NCBI accession no. P20152) and mouse Cdk1 (Kusubata et al., 1992) were purified from Escherichia coli and FM3A cells, respectively. For Plk1 purification, Sf9 cells were infected with baculovirus carrying His-tagged or GST-tagged human Plk1-WT or K82R (a kinase dead mutant) for 2 d and then each protein was purified. In some experiments (Fig. 3), Sf9 cells were further treated with okadaic acid for 3 h after a 2 d-infection: this method having the advantage that Plk1 is already active in Sf9 cells (Kumagai and Dunphy, 1996). GST-PBD WT or HK538/540AA was purified from BL21(DE3)pLysS transformed with pGEX-6P-3 carrying residues 326–603 of human Plk1 WT or a mutant in which His538 and Lys540 were changed into Ala, respectively. Anti-vimentin and site- and phosphorylation state–specific antibodies of vimentin were prepared as described elsewhere (Yasui et al., 2001; Goto et al., 2003). Mammalian expression vectors of mouse vimentin WT or phosphorylation site mutants were prepared as described previously (Yasui et al., 2001). Interphase and mitotic U251 cell lysates were prepared as reported by Goto et al. (1998). Plk1-targeted siRNA duplexes (Liu and Erikson, 2002) were obtained from QIAGEN. Vimentin peptides (residues 76–85) as shown in Fig. 3 E were chemically synthesized by Greiner JAPAN.. i7 a3 S/ H( c
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Production of mouse monoclonal anti-Plk1 antibodyFor the production of the anti-Plk1 mouse monoclonal antibody 36–298, BALB/c mice were then immunized by repeated injections of 100–150 μg of His-tagged human Plk1, using either Freund's or aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant. Spleen cells were fused with PAIB3Ag81 mouse myeloma cells. Supernatant screening was performed using ELISA and dot-blot assays with His–tagged human Plk1 as an antigen, and by Western blots on HeLa S3 extracts. Primary hybridoma clones were subcloned by limiting dilution. Isotyping revealed that the mouse monoclonal antibody 36–298 is an IgG1.
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TransfectionU251, COS-7, or EBNA-expressing T24 cells (Yasui et al., 2001) were transfected using Lipofectamine (Invitrogen) or FuGENE (Roche). For siRNA transfection, U251 cells were transfected using Oligofectamine (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. 24 or 48 h after transfection, cells were subjected to immunocytochemical or immunoblotting studies.) Y0 Z9 g8 x3 x$ Q4 A- m

Immunofluorescence analysisImmunofluorescence analyses were performed as Goto et al. (1998) with slight modification. In brief, fluorescence images were visualized using BX60 microscope (Olympus) controlled by Viewerfinder Lite software (Pixera Corp.) or using Radiance2100 laser confocal microscope controlled by LaserSharp2000 software (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Confocal images (captured at 100x) represents projections of Z series scan (Fig. 5 A). Other images were captured at 60x (by using objective lenses) and recorded using a CCD camera (DP50 camera; Olympus).# a8 C( O( k7 X  N: g0 `2 u
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Phosphorylation of proteins and peptidesThe phosphorylation reaction for vimentin was done in the mixture (25 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM ATP, 0.1 μM calyculin A, and 150 μg/ml vimentin) with or without 20 μg/ml of GST-Plk1 at 25°C for 60 min. Vimentin phosphorylation by Cdk1 was done as described previously (Kusubata et al., 1992). Some reactions were done in the presence of [-32P] ATP. The phosphorylation reaction for casein was done as follows: after 20 μg/ml GST-Plk1 WT was preincubated with or without 250 μM of each peptide in 25 mM Hepes-NaOH, pH 7.5, buffer at RT for 5 min, phosphorylation reaction was performed in 20 μl of 25 mM Hepes-NaOH, pH 7.5, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM [-32P] ATP, 0.1 μM calyculin A, 200 μg/ml casein, and the above preincubation mixture (5 μl) at 30°C. The reaction was stopped by the addition of SDS sample buffer and boiled. The phosphorylation reaction for peptides was performed in the mixture (25 mM Hepes-NaOH, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2, 50 μM ATP, 0.1 μM calyculin A, 100 μM [-32P] ATP, 500 μg/ml each vimentin peptide, and 60 μg/ml of purified Plk1) at 25°C for 60 min. After phosphorylation, each radioactive peptide was separated by reverse phase-HPLC as described (Goto et al., 1998).! F% Z# X" `6 [. j: k# J( L5 g& O

Far Western analysisVimentin was treated with or without Cdk1 at 25°C for 60 min. Each reaction mixture was separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto membranes. Transferred membranes were incubated with 6 μg/ml of GST-PBD-WT or -HK538/540AA in TBS containing 5% skim milk at 4°C for 6 h. For peptide competition assay, GST-PBD-WT was preincubated with 100 μg/ml of phosphopeptide PV55 (CSLYASpSPGGVY) or PV41 (CTYSLGpSALRPS), unphosphosphorylated peptide V55 (CSLYASSPGGVY), or peptide EV55 (CSLYASEPGGVY; in which Ser55 is changed into Glu) at RT for 30 min. As a control, GST-PBD-WT was preincubated only with TBS (no peptide). After washing with TBS, these membranes were incubated with anti-GST rabbit polyclonal antibody (MBL) and then with HRP-conjugated anti–rabbit antibody.

GST pull-down assayU251 interphase or mitotic cells were treated with the following buffer (1 ml): 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaF, 20 mM -glycerophosphate, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1% Triton X-100, and protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich). After centrifugation, each cell extract (1 mg total protein) was incubated with 50 μg of GST-PBD at 4°C for 1 h. GST–PBD protein complex were immobilized on 20 μl of glutathione-sepharose beads, eluted by adding with 20 mM glutathione, and then subjected to immunoblotting with 4A4 (P-Ser55) and anti-vimentin antibody.9 {5 E. `/ n# m

Plk1 protein kinase activity toward vimentin pretreated with or without Cdk1Vimentin was preincubated with or without Cdk1 at 25°C for 3 h. Each reaction mixture was denatured with 7 M urea buffer (7 M urea, 25 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.8) at 4°C for 16 h and then dialyzed with renaturing buffer (10 mM Tris, 1.7 mM EGTA, 50 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM PMSF). Phosphorylation assay for Plk1 was done as described above.* D1 m% }) z* i1 S( |5 D
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AcknowledgmentsWe thank Ms. M. Ohara for assistance with the manuscript; Y. Hayashi for preparing materials and technical assistance; Y. Yasui for helpful discussion.

This work supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research and Cancer Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Technology, Sports, and Culture of Japan, by a grant-in-aid for the Second Term Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan, by The Naito Foundation, and by the Uehara Memorial Foundation.

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