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治疗窗(Therapeutic Window)

已有 11686 次阅读 2012-3-20 22:02 |关键词:治疗 窗 微软雅黑 normal

药物治疗窗

  药物浓度太低不产生治疗效应,浓度太高则产生难以耐受的毒性。在这两个浓度之间限定一个合理治疗区域,该浓度区域常称为治疗窗(或称为治疗范围)。——来源生物通

 

 

Therapeutic window

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search 

The Therapeutic window (or pharmaceutical window) of a drug is the range of drug dosages which can treat disease effectively while staying within the safety range. In other words, it is the dosages of a medication between the amount that gives an effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than desired effects[1]. For instance, medication with a small pharmaceutical window such as Tegretol must be administered with care and control, e.g. by frequently measuring blood concentration of the drug, since it easily gives adverse effects such as agranulocytosis[2].

More specifically, it is the range between the ED50 and the starting point of TD50 curve. It is believed that this index can help to avoid most of the potential side effects.[3] It is worth noting that the window can vary by situation. In some cases, the therapeutic window can even be completely "closed", meaning that the adverse effects exceed the desired effects at all doses capable of providing the desired effect.[4]

This index is believed to be more reliable than either the therapeutic index or the protective index, since this index considers the biological variation among individuals to a larger extent. The downside, however, is that it (like the protective index) also introduces an element of subjectivity.

 

Therapeutic Window

A well-defined range of a drug’s serum concentration at which a desired effect occurs, below which there is little effect, and above which toxicity occurs; the window differs among patients and may be determined empirically

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Therapeutic+Window

 

 

Definition of THERAPEUTIC WINDOW

1: the range of dosage of a drug or of its concentration in a bodily system that provides safe effective therapy <the narrow therapeutic windowthe effect may go from therapeutic to toxic with an increase of just 10 micrograms per milliliter [in] blood concentrationLisa Davis> 

2: a usually short time interval (as after a precipitating event) during which a particular therapy can be given safely and effectively <has a narrow therapeutic window: the drug must be given within three hours of a stroke in order to be effectiveGenesis Report-RX

http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/therapeutic%20window

 

细胞感受态(competence)

(1)细胞对信号刺激具有反应潜能的状态。(2)受体细胞处于易接受外源DNA转化时的生理状态。

 

细胞处于能够吸收DNA的状态称感受态,处于感受态的细胞称作感受态细胞。   受体细胞经过一些特殊方法(如:CaCl2RuCl等化学试剂法)的处理后,细胞膜的通透性发生变化,成为能容许多有外源DNA的载体分子通过的感受态细胞。

http://baike.baidu.com/view/274644.htm

 

在自然条件下,很多质粒都可通过细菌接合作用转移到新的宿主内,但在人工构建的质粒载体中,一般缺乏此种转移所必需的mob基因,因此不能自行完成从一个细胞到另一个细胞的接合转移。如需将质粒载体转移进受体细菌,需诱导受体细菌产生一种短暂的感受态以摄取外源DNA

转化过程所用的受体细胞一般是限制修饰系统缺陷的变异株,即不含限制性内切酶和甲基化酶的突变体(Rˉ,Mˉ),它可以容忍外源DNA分子进入体内并稳定地遗传给后代。受体细胞经过一些特殊方法(如电击法,CaCl2 ,RbCl(KCl)等化学试剂法)的处理后,细胞膜的通透性发生了暂时性的改变,成为能允许外源DNA分子进入的感受态细胞(Competent cell)

 

http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%97%E6%80%81%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E

 

 

航天发射窗(launch window)

航天器的发射窗口是指运载火箭发射比较合适的一个时间范围。这个范围的大小也叫做发射窗口的宽度。窗口宽度有宽有窄,宽的以小时计,甚至以天计算;窄的只有几十秒钟,甚至为零。影响和限制发射窗口的因素主要有以下几个方面:一是地面观察的需要。早期卫星发射多采用光学望远镜进行跟踪观测,因此需要有很好的观测条件。另外,人造卫星绕地球轨道运行,但观测站不可能遍布全球,利用少量的观测站对卫星实施测控也要求卫星在经过观测站附近时便于观测。二是地面目标光照条件的要求。发射地球资源卫星和气象卫星时,要求卫星运行轨道下方的地面目标有很好的光照条件,以便于卫星上的可见光遥感器能很好地遥感地面的图像。因此,这类航天器的发射窗口都选在白天。三是航天器上太阳能电池光照条件的要求。目前的卫星及载人飞船等航天器大多采用太阳能电池供电。当航天器进入轨道时,需要太阳电池板受到最佳阳光照射,以便立即发电供航天器使用。四是航天器上姿态测量设备的要求。航天器上的姿态测量设备如红外地平仪、太阳敏感器等需要航天器、地球和太阳处在一个较好的相对位置,这也是选择发射窗口要考虑的一个因素。五是航天器返回地面时的要求。返回式卫星、载人飞船返回地面时,一般都希望在白天,同时要求气象条件较好,没有大风等恶劣天气,以便于降落伞打开。六是空间交会的需要。一些特定用途的卫星和深空探测器专门用于对天体的观测,如彗星探测卫星、太阳观测卫星、火星探测器、木星探测器等,这类航天器要以最短时间、最高精度与这些被观测天体会合,也需要选择合适的发射窗口。另外,静止卫星准确定点,尽可能少地消耗推进剂也需要选择发射窗口。由于太阳、地球和其他星体的相对位置在不断变化,即使发射同一类型、同一轨道的航天器,其发射窗口也是不固定的。因此,航天器的发射有时在早晨,有时在傍晚,有时在白天,有时在夜里。通常,一般科学探测卫星对发射窗口要求最低,可以说是无限的;深空探测器对发射窗口的要求最高,一旦错过了发射窗口,只能等待下一个合适时间。有的航天器一天之内有不止一个发射窗口,有的则要等几天或更长时间再发射。

http://wenwen.soso.com/z/q170003371.htm

  

在房子中的窗口是房间采光和通风的重要构件。

时间窗口。如下面一段话:“成品油调价窗口明日打开----根据我国成品油定价机制,当国际油价连续22个工作日移动加权平均价格变化超过4%时,可相应调整国内油价。国内最新一次成品油调价窗口即将在3月22日即明日打开。”

  就是周期价位,在一定周期内 价位到达目标就会受压或受阻这就是时间窗口。一般是指价格在上涨或下跌一段时间后,可能出现反转

http://baike.baidu.com/view/394265.htm

如果潘金莲不开窗遇见西门庆...

1. 潘金莲撑开窗户,撑窗户滴棍子掉下 去了,于是西门庆看到了,于是他们相遇了。如果 潘金莲同学当时没有开窗,那么她就不会遇到西门 庆。

2 如果没有遇到西门庆,那么她就不会被迫出轨, 那样武松哥哥就不会怒发冲冠为红颜,这样他就不 会奔上梁山。

3. 武松就不会奔上梁上,不会奔上梁山之后,哪怕 水泊梁山107将依旧轰轰烈烈,但是宋江和方腊的 战役,方腊也不会被武松单臂擒住。

4 只要武松治不了方腊,枭雄方腊就能取得大宋的 江山。

5 只要方腊取得了大宋的江山,就不会有靖康耻, 不会有偏安一隅,不会有金兵入关。

6 金兵不入关,就不会有后来的大清朝

7 没有大清朝,当然也不会有后来的闭关锁国,没 有慈禧太后。

8 没有慈禧太后,没有闭关锁国,自然也不会有八 国联军侵略中国啊,不会有神马鸦片战争啊。

9 没有这些杀千刀的战争和不平等条约,中国说不 定凭借五千年的文化首先就发展资本主义了。
10 发展了资本主义,发展到今天,说不定中国早 就超过了美国、小日本神马的,赶超了几百年了。 已经是最发达的最强悍的国家了。

11 所以,谁打个电话给潘金莲,告诉 她;你有事没事开神马窗啊!

传说中的:多少英雄豪杰,死于开窗…

假如潘金莲不开窗户,就不会遇到西门庆;不遇西门庆就不会出轨;不出轨,武松不会逼上梁山;武松不上梁山,方腊不会被擒,取得大宋江山; 就不会有靖康耻、金兵入关,不会有大清朝;不会闭关锁国,不会有鸦片战争。 美国就不会是超级大国,中国将是世界上唯一大国,其他诸侯都6是浮云! 金莲呀,闲着没事你她妈开什么窗户?

如果潘金莲不开窗户,不会遇西门庆;不遇西门庆;潘金莲也不会出轨,那武松也不会逼上梁山,武松不上梁山,方腊也不会就擒,就能取得大宋江山!就不会有后来的大清朝和鸦片战争,中国至少能比现在先进几百年啊!潘金莲啊潘金莲!你闲着没事去开窗户干嘛!!

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http://tieba.baidu.com/p/1448792273

 

Convergence: Seeing The Windows Of Opportunity
By | Sunday, September 5, 2010 at 4:30 pm

Whether you are looking to start a new business or seeking a new career, understanding the dynamics of convergence is very empowering. It can position you to capitalize on upcoming opportunities, which are usually exciting and financially rewarding. I describe how I was able to take advantage of convergence in the article, “If you can’t find a job, try creating your own opportunities”.

Many of the greatest business ideas and inventions have been driven by a convergence between an emerging market need and the availability of a solution for that market need. Using technology as an example, when a technology becomes sufficiently affordable and available to address a growing market need, we reach a conversion point and a huge window of opportunity.


When the window first opens, there are not many competitors so margins are healthy. As the market matures, more competition enters the fray, margins begin to erode and the market becomes saturated. Eventually, the technology matures to a point where it is so low in cost that it is difficult to maintain a business model that worked when the window first opened.

Consider YouTube for a moment. Suppose that 15 years ago you had thought about doing what YouTube does today. It would not have worked because fifteen years ago, most people connected to the infant internet with low speed modems. It would have taken all night to transfer a video. PC’s were much slower and the applications to make videos were available only to a select few. Moreover, the price tag to host such a service would have been astronomical primarily because of the enormous data storage requirements and bandwidth costs.

On the other hand, if you had carefully looked at the market and the developing technologies, you would have seen that faster modems were on the horizon promising significant increases in connection speeds. In time, these speed increases would lead to low cost high-speed internet access. You also might have noticed that Yahoo Chat, MSN and ICQ were taking off like wildfire. So was instant messaging. This was the birth of Virtual Social Networking. Add to this faster PC’s, inexpensive video applications, affordable cameras and reasonably priced high-capacity hard drives. Now you have all the makings of a convergence. A window opens and entities like YouTube and Facebook jump into it. Do not doubt for one minute that some organizations like these were not looking ahead to this convergence and preparing for it.

Convergence happens all the time. Positioning yourself to take advantage of a convergence is always a good idea. An example today would be solar energy, or photovoltaics. Many factors play into this convergence. The price of solar panels is slowly coming down. They are becoming more efficient at producing energy and are smaller than previous versions. The price of oil, gas and hydro are all going up, as is their impact on the environment. Ultimately, solar energy offers the potential for clean energy at a much lower cost. The market size is enormous. Essentially, every roof in the world represents a potential sale. It wasn’t that long ago that Bill Gates said; “a computer on every desktop”. Today, someone out there is saying, “a solar panel of every rooftop”. If they aren’t, they should be!

You don’t need to start a huge company to take advantage of convergence. Perhaps you are a sales rep looking for a new career or a technician seeking a new challenge where you can apply your skills. Keeping an eye on technology developments and emerging markets that are one, two and five years out is a smart thing to do. If you see something that interests you, then spend some time every day researching this emerging market. Become well versed in all of the potential solutions that might address this market and then start talking about it. You will be seen as an expert or perhaps even a visionary and will be very well positioned to jump into that window of opportunity in whatever capacity you choose.

http://lifeasahuman.com/2010/mind-spirit/inspirational/convergence-seeing-the-windows-of-opportunity/

You know what your next big decision needs to be and understand what it will take to position your business to act. When is the right time to act?

Even when you are ready to act, there often is a finite Window of Opportunity in which you have the best chance of achieving your objective. This window is determined by growth projections at current levels of investment, minimum acceptable results and thresholds of new investment. A typical Window of Opportunity looks like the graph on this page.

Each Next Big Decision comes with implied time and financial constraints. When will current growth projections assure minimum acceptable results? At what point does it take an incremental level of financial commitment to sustain the growth? Are you prepared to invest more time and money to achieve your minimum acceptable results?

These are questions Fulcrum Partners can help you analyze and answer.

http://www.fulcrumpartners.biz/consult_opportunity.asp

“机会窗”对某种事物干预的最佳时期。比如在医学上讲,化疗手术后二周是肿瘤复发的最危险时期,同时也是干预的最佳时期。比如对于房地产来讲,当国家各项调控政策到位,楼盘价格下降,同时购房者购买力充足的时候,就是楼市的“机会窗”。 简单点说就是机会的窗口,一伸手就能抓到。。。http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/124522224"Window of Opportunity:A short period of time during which an opportunity must be acted on or missed.
水至清则无鱼,人至察则无徒
不为婊子动真心, 不为口号去献身.见到领导要服小,遇事先把水搅混.

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