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作者：疑夕
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On December 15, 2014, Patrick Soon Shiong, the richest physician in the world, acquired 19.9% of Sorrento Therapeutics (NASDAQ: SRNE)’s equity at $5.80 per share (about 41.7 million). Four days later, Sorrento and Conkwest announced an agreement to co-develop CAR-NK immunotherapy. Sorrento’s stock price reached a high of $11.38 on January 15, 2015.
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CAR-T cell immunotherapy has been regarded as one of the most compelling breakthroughs in cancer treatment in recent years. Companies working on CAR-T (e.g., JUNO, KITE, BLCM, BLUE, ZIOP) are red hot at present. Sorrento/Conkwest is developing CAR-expressing NK cells rather than T cells to kill cancer cells. How about CAR-TNK compares to CAR-T?2 G( G1 D! R! P( I8 j
& V6 D; ]9 q0 e% PHere is a comparison published in OncoImmunology[1]. The author, Hans Klingemann, is the inventor of the NK-92 cell line and co-founded ZelleRx in 2002, which was renamed Conkwest in 2010. CAR-NK has many several advantages over CAR-T:
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: q" c) Q% c9 Z4 c7 f. i$ r- b3 x9 ^(1) CAR-NK cells don’t produce IL-6 which is associated with the cytokine release syndrome. A series of patient deaths in the trials of CAR-T were linked to unusually high levels of IL-6.
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(2) CAR-NK cells disappear relatively rapidly from the circulation owing to their limited lifespan. There is no concern about persisting CAR-associated side effects. Whereas Juno Therapeutics has to insert EGFRt gene into the CAR-T cells to control them.
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. L6 k1 K3 l/ W* E3 R- k! r(3) NK cells are known as serial killers which diligently moves from one target to the next one, killing on as many as 7-10 cells.
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7 v; p4 Q/ P2 x$ S" i1 }' M% O" O2 n(4) The transfection efficiency of NK-92 cells is about 50%, even with non-viral methods. Avoiding viral vectors eliminates the risks of oncogene activation and insertional mutagenesis.
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6 \0 r" F2 H i; f(5) CAR-NK cells can also be produced in large scaleunder GMP conditions. Moerover, it may be used in the setting of allogeneic transplantation.( z( i* @; x. R
( ?+ H* h a: @ W9 wNaturally, only about 10% of circulating lymphocytes are NK cells. The activation of NK cells is determined by the balance of inhibitory and activating receptor stimulation. MHC class I molecules in normal cells inhibit the activation of NK cells./ o: F7 k) F) o3 | o! m2 N. V' G7 I
! n9 N0 I8 L- }8 tNatural NK cells do not express antigen specific receptors. Can CAR-NK cells equipped with an antigen specific receptor kill cancer cells as effectively as CAR-T cells? Hard to say.; c" R. n' m8 x3 w2 J9 `. I
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Preclinical studies in leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma have been reported. For instance, treatment with anti-CS1 CAR-NK cells prolonged the survival of multiple myeloma mice from 40 days to 50 days[2].
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: V; b: q1 C" U; x z: lSorrento intends to develop anti-CD19, anti-PDL1, anti-PSMA, and anti-CD123 CAR-NK cells. It is expected to initiate Phase I trials in 2016.: w# s) J! X- z7 Q8 F7 s
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[1] Oncoimmunology. 2014, 3, e28147. doi: 10.4161/onci.28147.: G! C) \- A; O0 { n# _; |
[2] Leukemia. 2014, 28(4), 917-927.
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发表于 2015-11-11 10:59
