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Biomedical Breakthrough: Blood Vessels for Lab-Grown Tissues
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人工培养组织血管生成障碍被突破
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: g3 Z7 H# o6 }6 D7 s3 n4 M译者：Docofsoul
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ScienceDaily (Jan. 13, 2011) — Researchers from Rice University and Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) have broken one of the major roadblocks on the path to growing transplantable tissue in the lab: They've found a way to grow the blood vessels and capillaries needed to keep tissues alive.
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' k) d" t) \+ e$ v《每日科学》2011年1月13日报道 —— 莱斯大学与贝勒医学院（BCM）的研究者成功克服了再生医学的最大障碍之一——实验室培养的可供移植的组织的血管生成问题。% L( L/ @- n# n5 C7 g: J2 f' U
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Still from a time-lapse image showing how two types of cells -- which were tagged with fluorescent dye -- organize themselves into a functioning capillary networks within 72 hours (Credit: Image courtesy of Rice University)0 {1 ~* ~& x1 n5 z- T
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延时序列成像（Time-lapse）显示两种细胞类型（染有荧光标记）在72个小时内自行组织成功能性毛细血管网络。- A! c& X# `) z! V- l2 W* e! f
' P) Y3 S% ?: H. x+ AThe new research is available online and due to appear in the January issue of the journal Acta Biomaterialia.
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8 W& c( O: L% T! l" U% u( @, _' p0 A本研究结果已在线发表，并将刊登于一月份的《Acta Biomaterialia》（《生物材料学报》）。
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"The inability to grow blood-vessel networks -- or vasculature -- in lab-grown tissues is the leading problem in regenerative medicine today," said lead co-author Jennifer West, department chair and the Isabel C. Cameron Professor of Bioengineering at Rice. "If you don't have blood supply, you cannot make a tissue structure that is thicker than a couple hundred microns."
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* z/ A: i |+ w- }8 S/ j7 |; j共同第一作者、莱斯大学生物工程教授与系主任Jennifer West指出：“尽管今天的再生医学风起云涌，但是此前科学家尚未有能力使实验室培养的器官长出血管网络——或者叫脉管系统，这成为再生医学发展的最大障碍之一。如果没有血供的话，就无法培养出厚度超过数百微米的组织结构。”
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( i0 r8 S' _ _( XAs its base material, a team of researchers led by West and BCM molecular physiologist Mary Dickinson chose polyethylene glycol (PEG), a nontoxic plastic that's widely used in medical devices and food. Building on 10 years of research in West's lab, the scientists modified the PEG to mimic the body's extracellular matrix -- the network of proteins and polysaccharides that make up a substantial portion of most tissues.
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5 z3 n6 L! O5 H6 ~5 c9 l. ?# C6 ~! s由West与BCM分子生理学家Mary Dickinson率领的研究小组利用聚乙二醇（PEG）作为基底材料。PEG为无毒塑料，广泛应用于医用设备与食品中。在West实验室长达10年的研究所积累的知识基础上，科学家们将PEG加以改造，使之模仿细胞外基质（由蛋白与多醣组成的网络，是大多数组织的重要组成成分）。, j- E+ v2 B0 I& _* A
* [2 ?3 ~& k8 ~ q) C! DWest, Dickinson, Rice graduate student Jennifer Saik, Rice undergraduate Emily Watkins and Rice-BCM graduate student Daniel Gould combined the modified PEG with two kinds of cells -- both of which are needed for blood-vessel formation. Using light that locks the PEG polymer strands into a solid gel, they created soft hydrogels that contained living cells and growth factors. After that, they filmed the hydrogels for 72 hours. By tagging each type of cell with a different colored fluorescent marker, the team was able to watch as the cells gradually formed capillaries throughout the soft, plastic gel.. h7 V3 M y N3 Z# ?! l
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West、Dickinson与莱斯大学研究生Jennifer Saik与本科生Emily Watkins、以及莱斯大学-BCM研究生Daniel Gould 将改造后的PEC与两种类型细胞（两种细胞均为血管生成所需）结合。用光照射将PEG聚合链凝结成为固体凝胶，他们创建了含有活细胞与生长激素的软质水凝胶。接着对水凝胶连续进行72个小时视频摄像。因为每种细胞用了不同的彩色荧光标记，研究小组能够观察到这些细胞在柔软的塑胶上逐渐形成毛细血管的具体过程。# f* C7 j1 Z- L7 P" Q
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To test these new vascular networks, the team implanted the hydrogels into the corneas of mice, where no natural vasculature exists. After injecting a dye into the mice's bloodstream, the researchers confirmed normal blood flow in the newly grown capillaries.
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9 l; d2 n+ v5 D5 |3 a F8 P为测试这些脉管网络，研究小组将水凝胶移植于小鼠的眼角膜，这是因为角膜在天然状态下并不存在脉管系统。将一种染料注入该实验鼠的血液循环系统后，研究者确认新近生长的毛细血管内有血液流动。
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Another key advance, published by West and graduate student Joseph Hoffmann in November, involved the creation of a new technique called "two-photon lithography," an ultrasensitive way of using light to create intricate three-dimensional patterns within the soft PEG hydrogels. West said the patterning technique allows the engineers to exert a fine level of control over where cells move and grow. / \+ z6 U! W9 @
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十一月份由West与研究生Joseph Hoffmann共同发表的另一个关键的研究进展则与一种称之为“双光子微影蚀刻技术”（two-photon lithography）的新技术的创建有关，该技术以其超级灵敏的方式，运用光在柔软的PEG水凝胶内建立错综复杂的三维模型。West指出，这一建模技术允许工程师对细胞运动与生长方位作精密的控制。! |6 d7 k. V- {! U2 p: ?5 u
5 l) \7 t2 x! e4 p1 v- |In follow-up experiments, also in collaboration with the Dickinson lab at BCM, West and her team plan to use the technique to grow blood vessels in predetermined patterns., F; v& b# ~- B9 [5 x
( a% V0 W& q6 D6 H( W此后的实验（也是和BCM的Dickinson实验室合作）中，West及其研究小组将计划运用这一技术在预设的模型中生长出血管（网络）。
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The research was supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. West's work was conducted in her lab at Rice's BioScience Research Collaborative (BRC). The BRC is an innovative space where scientists and educators from Rice University and other Texas Medical Center institutions work together to perform leading research that benefits human medicine and health.
& L* f2 d. I& h) {* RA video illustrating the research is available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtMifCkTHTo.
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本研究由国立科学基金会与国立卫生研究院提供资金。West的研究工作是在莱斯大学生物科学研究合作机构（BRC）内她本人的实验室中完成的。BRC是一个创新中心，来自莱斯大学与其它德州医学中心机构的研究者在此共同进行有利于人类医学发展与健康发展的研究工作。3 c: Z# h) L4 y
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有关本研究的视频已发布于Youtube，点击以下网址观看：
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtMifCkTHTo.
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Journal Reference:4 P5 q1 f% n- ]. U) w. F- g8 i
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参考文献：1 z8 Q0 ?% i, L) o9 D0 ?
Jennifer E. Saik, Daniel J. Gould, Emily M. Watkins, Mary E. Dickinson, Jennifer L. West. Covalently immobilized platelet-derived growth factor-BB promotes angiogenesis in biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Acta Biomaterialia, 2011; 7 (1): 133 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.08.018
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