本帖最后由 tpwang 于 2011-5-27 21:59 编辑 2 j9 M5 e2 Q/ E, ? z 2 k D- J# Y5 z8 U本期《科学》杂志有一篇社论、一篇新闻与分析以及一篇消息与动态,分别是:& Y" U1 F* l6 Z3 Y9 B+ V
创新所需要的新思维模式:[attach]27601[/attach];+ R L7 Q5 f8 l' o8 b* G# M
得克萨斯州40亿美元癌症基金:[attach]27603[/attach]; - |; Y& `/ M& w6 a1 v3 x美国科学促进会呼吁“政治意愿”支持科学创新:[attach]27602[/attach]。- p9 M+ ?* [5 W) j; A7 W* u
: M( A. a5 |) Y1 B, Y( A这三篇东西恰好反映了当前国际上对创新的认识以及激烈的竞争态势。创新已经被定义为国家实力、经济与社会发展的关键。弱国、强国,富国、穷国,都在搞创新,欧洲以及一些发达国家干脆把科技部教育部等相关机构重新整合,直接冠名为各种政府创新机构。美国人感到他们在反其道而行之,尤其是近年美国经济金融以及一些政治危机导致对科学技术研究与教育投入的削减,更不要说大把投入赶创新的潮流了。上述动态就指出,2009年美国在世界上四十国 R&D 竞争力排名仅第六,1999-2008期间的进步,美国居然排名倒数第一。科学界的领袖们认为除了经济停滞不前等因素外,政治领袖对科技投入的不确定态度以及政府相关规定如税务政策等是关键。长远来看,教育更重要,但美国联邦政府在教育上的投入也不令人乐观。所有这些,用美国国家工程院主席Charles M. Vest的话说:美国曾经是一个充满了相信无限可能的人的国度,而现在悲观情绪的弥漫限制了我们……。上述情况,可以从干细胞研究在美国的命运为例。自从小布什处于宗教政治压力限制联邦资金支持新的胚胎干细胞研究至今的十多年,美国损失了多少人才以及机会,无法估量。这对其他国家倒是好事,尤其是当初的英国、新加坡等国家获益匪浅。某种意义上,中国从人才上也有得益。9 l- e. p( ?8 e, T) K0 Z+ |
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在这个背景下,就发生了著名的加州公决,设立了世界上最大一笔地方政府就特定科技领域的投入,30亿美元的“加州再生医学研究所”。这几年一些美国的重点生物医药产业州都不同方式地仿效加州,设立自己的专项研究基金,试图填补美国联邦政府留下的空白。奥巴马上台虽然推翻了小布什的限制,但迄今为止,仍在打官司。而受到这个项目的启发与刺激,德克萨斯州政府也用类似的方法建立了一个类似的30亿美金的德州癌症预防与研究所(Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT)),号称除美国国立癌症研究所的50亿美元癌症研究经费外最大的一笔,大肆吸引相关的重量级研究人物。前不久密执安大学国际著名的成体干细胞专家Morrison及其夫人,就是被这个项目挖到德州,结合癌症搞干细胞。目前已经从NCI、波士顿、霍普金斯、圣地亚哥吸引了几条大鱼,而且准备今后每年引入10-20位重量级人物,包括建立一个全州临床试验网络,并设计一个流水程序式研发体系,从基因筛查直到病理组织库,以避免NCI项目的一些弊病。这个州政府提供政治与经济支持,由科学与产业界联合实施的重大科技项目计划,与加州类似的再生医学项目能够取得什么样的成就,拭目以待。但这两大项目说明一个问题,在科技投入的经济产业效益追求上,州政府比联邦政府更灵活,更少政治压力的左右,而且可以有目的地避免一些程序上的弊端。加州再生医学研究所设立后,在Alan Trounson的领导下,大力开展国际双边合作。德州这个癌症项目是否有类似的动议,也可以看。美国整体上虽然这些年在科技投入上没有大进展,但实力仍然称雄,而且类似这种州项目比大多数国家都要实力雄厚,对国际相关领域的科研产业都是由冲击和影响的。而且具有示范意义。 ) q. b# B) ^: D4 ~* N1 w2 p/ v% q# K# L" c6 U4 t/ M8 N
从科学界本身,创新也不是一个不言而喻的自发动机。《科学》这篇社论就提出,现有的科技体系在几大方面限制了科技创新潜力的实现,科技界现有的一些传统运行模式无法有效吸引、发现并探求创新的想法。这里面首当其冲的就是现有peer-review式的经费申请与成果发表体系,因为这种体系更侧重比较可靠的、成功率较大的研究课题,亦即不利于风险大同时可能的回报也大的新想法。用现在时髦的语言来说,就是不利于transformative idea。Transformative不同于incremental研究,前者是带来一个领域重大范式革新的创新性研究。另一个传统体系的可能障碍,是研究机构需要调整政策和目标,以更多地容忍和接纳具有更多风险性,需要更多投入和时间的transformative研究,这对传统科研机构的运行模式也是一种挑战。科技创新的一个本质是多样性的新思想来源,从科研队伍上来说,首先是增加年轻科研者的比例,因为事实证明大部分的超前新想法多是在较年轻时的职业时段出现的。而且,需要增加女性、少数民族、还有残疾科学工作者,以及较小规模研究机构研究者的比例。在这一点上,科学研究的活力与宇宙自然的活力本质上是一样的,即多样性。这也是为什么国外很多大学更倾向于招募不同大学毕业生的原因,从另一面来说同样的话题,单一与近亲繁殖是科研体系及人才培养的大忌。1 o- p5 q/ B' v5 p. F& B' v$ ~
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举马里兰州干细胞研究委员会2011年资助项目三类别为例,9项由PI发起的独立研究项目;13例探索基金,资助年轻研究者或其他领域研究者,新手段、新模式、新机制项目;14位博士后资助。* i0 \6 L. W- ~
研究项目的资助也有明确的范围与目的,即可以导致一些特定难治疾病创新治疗方法的有前景项目,专门项目资助年轻研究者以及其他跨领域研究者,创新思路,培养博士后,鼓励与其他机构以及产业公司合作。5 }1 R, J! N. Z" H& K- C; K4 g ?
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This year’s MSCRF awards include: # s/ ~7 I) J# I& F C; v- d4 y/ L/ _# m
9 Investigator-Initiated Research Grants (RFA-MD-11-01) – providing up to $200,000 of direct costs per year, for up to three years, to investigators with preliminary data to support their hypotheses; # t6 ]; p9 P& T2 T9 Z * Z0 p! ^6 k) _# l# O$ ?13 Exploratory Research Grants (RFA-MD-11-02) – providing up to $100,000 of direct costs per year, for up to two years, to new stem cell researchers (young investigators and scientists from other fields), for new approaches, mechanisms or models that may differ from current thinking in the field and/or new hypotheses that have little or no preliminary data; and: A( F% w4 O# f3 A$ r
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14 Post-Doctoral Fellowship Research Grants (RFA-MD-11-03) – providing up to $55,000 per year, for up to two years, including direct and indirect costs and fringe benefits, to post-doctoral fellows. % h: E4 Q/ F9 z- q1 k& J; {( w2 N 9 ^2 E8 ~4 S3 Q' I1 ^: s5 |* nAll MSCRF-funded research must be conducted in Maryland, and must involve human stem cells. 0 k( i; ]% v8 \; i 3 h! [1 K ~: n1 B完整资助项目人与名称如下,尤其可以看看Exploratory项目和博士后项目,对学生们或有帮助: & p/ s, ~: k8 l9 v( q" Y- M 6 `+ F, |0 [9 ~2 A, q1 m& W2011 Awardees9 h. k8 I+ O1 V
) |' l4 ? l# T, F3 C0 r0 RInvestigator-Initiated Grant Awardees: + X- ^9 r3 m- ?3 Y/ F% F8 P - U& \+ g% F. C- wXu Cao $ s& E" [% @" e0 `Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine 9 P5 P3 E, g# m" O7 F$ ^/ K) {"Stem Cell Recruitment in Anabolic versus Antiresorptive Osteoporosis Therapy”( X: L7 c5 H3 W3 m8 g' k
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Linzhao Cheng' F, `5 a2 o1 z, a& X3 N
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine - \$ T" J, `% tIn collaboration with The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) & MaxCyte Inc. 0 ]& s1 e0 h1 J0 N7 \5 `# D"Red Blood Cell Production From Human IPS Cells Of Transfusion-Dependent Patients” . g* y- E+ P# y( o 5 c+ y% d$ J1 xMihoko Kai % G8 x/ j) n6 ^/ n; ^ 9 r! e4 m/ [& c0 P$ l$ vJohns Hopkins University- School of Medicine # R# S g4 A# B5 C"Direct Generation of Human Dopaminergic Neurons By Defined Factors”9 R8 f0 `% Q2 O( P& U; Y5 e% E
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Vassilis Koliatsos . L5 J, }- r% x; {Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine; P0 j7 F5 z# {$ D
In collaboration with The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) . d$ l: O2 ?" ], V0 u: U
"Stem Cell Therapies in Animal Models of Traumatic Axonal Injury” 1 `$ G& a3 x: M' L7 ~ 2 i$ b& e$ C p# C; K6 ]Dara Kraitchman [/ ^4 N; T2 i. H7 O* eJohns Hopkins University- School of Medicine E+ {; [9 M+ g/ Q6 ?In collaboration with Surgivision, Inc. 6 U+ m- H/ n% E0 B9 K"Single Cell Microencapsulation for Ischemic Heart Disease Therapy” * ]; M; r \: ]8 s) F! m$ m 2 [" Z! Z0 y+ H6 f5 ]John Laterra Q$ l3 A/ X6 g- p
Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc. ; W& J: I0 {4 O0 s, J"Regulation of Neural and Neoplastic Stem Cells by Kruppel-like Transcription Factors”# k+ C* G. }' \3 T
6 y9 `# u* U7 P, `6 \5 YFeyruz Rassool' {5 Y' F8 ~7 ?- W& R
University of Maryland, Baltimore - School of Medicine 3 o( ~& R' O( E# f7 u: U"Remodeling the DNA Damage Response in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells” " j) z6 a% Z1 G$ R% Y' h8 q$ g1 n; I) Q+ D" u: z: V
Piotr Walczak9 M$ Y2 W6 a; Y! \4 S6 L
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine 4 r8 y2 `' y6 Z1 C+ y, YIn collaboration with Q Therapeutics    : U/ A, R+ e& A& ]; Z0 ["Intra-arterial Targeted Delivery of Stem Cells to Brain Lesions Under MRI Monitoring” 0 d- l' h7 P6 E5 E9 |, x9 ~2 @& v& r8 `+ j+ O! ]" q6 W
Elias Zambidis' S6 ^4 f5 l# K8 j8 x5 R1 t
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine l5 {0 [6 i: c) e1 F. P$ G, b# oIn collaboration with Life Technologies, Inc. 0 d5 K1 f" T6 c# P/ \"Clinical-Grade CD34-iPSC for Hematologic and Cardiac Therapies” 3 H: Z3 F( a0 U( p5 G
4 `2 N W+ ~: \& \/ |; W # K% F& ~5 p2 S. T- E! ?% G+ kExploratory Grant Awardees: . U+ ^& j, r2 ?; \" p( \7 u9 m- h. J K Z
Mary Armanios ; w3 `4 Y- Z$ f/ [
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine - x2 ^, t1 P: a- h! S"Telomerase in Ex Vivo Expanded Hematopoietic Stem Cells”/ w5 E8 K. g6 n/ o( a$ L
2 P% ~+ k% f( k; \Visar Belegu' R! |& d) s5 s. k4 J& F
Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc.. K, o) P- f; ?% e1 t7 ?3 A
"Differentiation of Fibroblast-Derived Induced Pluripotent Cells into Oligodendrocytes for Treatment of Neurological Disorders”3 ~- ]: W- T: n0 X* C- J. Z" \9 C
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Amy Belton( B" L5 r- f o9 \7 W. |& D* r
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine 0 q3 W6 _. m. i) ^! T"The Role of Hmga1 in Intestinal Stem Cells & The Generation Gut-Like Tissue”1 U" E: y! Q; n# J) H
, b" J$ T4 Y! b; W9 N4 K; v3 v' I1 gRobert Brodsky % i5 v0 U. @# F( y( C5 v M2 E+ MJohns Hopkins University- School of Medicine + }" p) @0 u/ ?" u' V"A Preclinical Model of Acquired Aplastic Anemia Using Human iPSCs”2 n4 O1 |, [' Y8 Y+ q
7 A6 Y- Y3 F3 ^1 D/ E. K0 A2 KKan Cao : k# ?& ^2 X; `; |3 U! v; S6 DUniversity of Maryland, College Park $ y6 r" f w8 u! u"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as Models of Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome” l, S4 h! q0 _+ _8 m- T8 U
! V X+ t( }7 q8 c9 mRaghothama Chaerkady0 K& z3 @- F0 [! E# h+ E
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine$ x9 P. u3 C; L) @6 c, A) w+ H
"Signaling Mechanisms Specifying Oligodendrocyte Development” " F# i/ S3 D6 J2 G+ L : s; v* `( u% q3 H" d. aXiaochum Chen# @5 j/ x0 h! w$ _$ r! x6 ~
University of Maryland, Baltimore - School of Medicine " o- J2 S* ~6 W$ j: a"Microrna Regulators of Ex Vivo Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion”1 t. o1 ^) i; t$ @! x& W, X7 d* w* Z
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Stephen Desiderio0 T4 L o/ j4 E
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine 8 o9 F8 v* Y# l"Stromal Hedgehog Signaling In B Lymphoid Differentiation from Human ASCs”) l# H6 Z, s" i( a$ X/ Q
6 Q# m' M8 D& o/ v gShao Du/ ^( t/ H2 ~3 d& R2 \/ V
University of Maryland, Baltimore - School of Medicine ' L5 N! D' a z; K: `8 ]$ d
"Reprogramming Of Satellite Cells & Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells For Muscle Repair”5 o( n0 E5 @1 T F. Z0 `4 z
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Koko Ishizuka, [# S2 G$ w% n0 ~; g; J
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine 0 B8 j- b% e: i$ J3 H# ?* x"Alteration in Neural Fate in Schizophrenia” " C' I$ G# A5 L! B; O) ]' _+ ^- z+ m: R& L- I9 Q; {( i
Saul Sharkis* V* C/ c7 N4 N7 V' s
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine* I; w# [0 ~0 u1 g5 Y( l* ?/ y
In collaboration with Quality Biological, Inc.# g6 o5 L$ ?/ Y" n
"Human Stem Repair of Epithelial Tissue” $ T# q! p+ v% k I, l( {" E( P' E7 ^; K ^
Paul Yarowsky! B# O9 \$ W" D5 M4 B1 t
University of Maryland, Baltimore - School of Medicine 5 \; J, \5 H8 H" t
"Stem Cell Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury”9 r, \/ w, G; z9 u
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Zhaohui Ye , t6 |6 H( H: f0 v9 d& HJohns Hopkins University- School of Medicine $ i7 ^* B* W6 h( I* w# k# Q' o- s"Clinical Drug Screening Using Patient Specific Human iPSCs” 6 ~5 H% o1 k P& a # U- q- C" f: v3 S* x) c7 g6 j4 f/ \1 q% S8 B8 N: J( K
Post - Doctoral Fellowship Grant Awardees: " a: B1 y& e4 U & r, C" J& B2 \" S( ~3 ODian Arifin ' V& `, W3 {+ r! {( m1 zJohns Hopkins University- School of Medicine3 {/ u. P1 T9 i: T9 T% B9 u# _
In collaboration with Pearl Lifescience Partners, LLC ! h5 k/ a1 L$ b# g& H4 M"Encapsulated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells For Improved Islet Cell Therapy” % L. d0 Y- J5 t3 x- r' @. Q3 g7 O/ T# j+ l5 S8 F% ?- x
William Brandt 4 E* T6 I+ x( L& cJohns Hopkins University- School of Medicine2 C" f2 `+ s+ b5 L# X8 _) f3 R
"Characterizing Notch Signaling in Bladder Cancer Stem Cells”: r4 v, u& t$ Z! Z9 }6 [
/ N/ A, \, M5 h E" WNamshik Kim: |' V2 Q8 T7 f- M- B
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine9 a6 [' u' ]! |) A
"Understanding The Role Of CYFIP1 Deletion/Duplication In Schizophrenia & Autism”: N) S% G7 f& R/ u9 j1 s0 O! j
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Julien Maruotti; @) k, G8 p, f: }* C6 O7 I
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine L: o3 H: E8 k6 _3 K+ z& d$ X
"A High Content Screen for Small Molecules that Promote Stem Cell differentiation into Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells for Potential Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Other Retinal Degenerations” + D. t# c7 d! U( @+ K' z* M1 Z# ^* s6 \
Tammy Morrish 6 B8 H! w+ S, p2 ]- B2 T5 Z8 {Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine 9 @5 i b- f, W. v6 k/ a# j! t# E"Telomere Recombination Mechanisms in Mesenchymal Stem Cells” ' x5 ^+ K: ~# |$ [4 k9 Z- ~, J' ?* ?4 I
Amanda Phillips2 Z4 A0 `1 e# T6 k+ i$ k
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine : F! Y) {) h$ n/ M"Focal Transplantation of Human Neural Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes Isolated From Als Patients into the Rat Spinal Cord” 1 H* l8 L) p' d+ w* A8 B/ | 8 t9 ?' v3 @- ^" U3 yPrakash Rath" S3 A2 u, \: C$ N* h1 J
Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc.- V# D; F7 `4 }
"Modulating HGF/c-Met Signaling in Human Normal and Neoplastic Stem Cells”/ N) K7 T, c! {! |
0 M' \& m7 u: a' D6 C2 v1 ?Sandeep Shah" d7 D- U$ g4 M Y
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine 7 p( J+ g A' z' `In collaboration with Life Technologies, Inc.! y- U- s5 v4 H5 h: f5 d: N
"HMGA Proteins in Stem Cell Survival and Induced Pluripotency” + q. k& ]) l* G4 q, ^' v0 X7 Z3 k/ v) [# P8 L
Shobana Shanmugasundaram 6 {1 z1 E* v! O8 @( OUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore - School of Medicine , h0 V8 ?3 q- e- c6 k
In collaboration with Biosurface Engineering Technologies, Inc.   - _' _- k( `7 a' y0 }: y
"Optimization of the 3D Scaffolds with Enzyme and Peptide for Osteogenic Differentiation in Stem Cells”# d4 @- k% x+ K; |2 B: h" W! ~$ B; b
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Yang Song4 b, D- a- ?8 t3 ]/ p
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine9 w6 v* d7 Z% W* b) }
In collaboration with Innovative Biosensors, Inc. 3 n' `2 Q: d0 g, C2 o$ Q1 Y, |/ u"Signals Cooperating with RUNX1 to Specify Adult HSC from hESC” 1 ~ p4 q l3 [: A & Z. {$ d* l6 K" q! W8 oJuan Song ' i, _/ T% a' i- kJohns Hopkins University- School of Medicine) [6 T& N' O# Q! ~" k
In collaboration with Life Technologies, Inc. 5 n; E. p. X0 c/ m( F"Understanding the Mechanism of a Schizophrenia Susceptibility Gene Disc1 in Regulating Synapse Development Using Patient-Derived iPSCs” 0 _7 S" y! `: [2 @0 b8 g; \& m% i7 x2 G6 Q8 m
Yijing Su 8 ^. O5 h2 k$ rJohns Hopkins University- School of Medicine . ~2 B% i) L! \"Roles of Tet Proteins In Regulating DNA Demethylation And Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells And Neural Progenitors” ! ~- j% u2 A9 M: U2 Q# l- j) J3 w 6 v1 \4 u4 S2 B2 r' W& g+ ZChiaochun Joanne Wang8 e. s/ A* _' x: q6 l
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine' _2 V0 {- d% b7 K! D# j" t1 {
"Microvasculature Mimicking Microfluidics for High-Throughput Screening of Targeted and MR Trackable Stem Cells”8 B- |: a2 X; i5 e, I* E% V
n; m" S: ?; \* a YShuming Zhang! k8 J# W6 V6 Z5 s% H
Johns Hopkins University- School of Medicine * v# C7 A- _- y+ K, I4 p"Role of Electrical Stimulation on Differentiation of Human iPS Cells and iPS-Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells” 作者: chips100 时间: 2011-5-28 21:15